<p>Ha Ling Peak is a peak at the northwestern end of Mount Lawrence Grassi &mdash; a mountain located immediately south of the town of Canmore just east of the Spray Lakes road in Albertas Canadian Rockies. It was previously named Chinamans Peak but the name was changed to be less offensive.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the name</h2><br>
<p>The name of the mountain has been subject to much controversy. Originally, the mountain was referred to locally as The Beehive. In 1896 Ha Ling, a Chinese cook for the Canadian Pacific Railway (some say the Okaloosa Hotel in Canmore) was bet 50 dollars that he could not climb the peak and plant a flag on the summit in less than 10 hours. According to the Medicine Hat News of October 22, 1896, he started the ascent at 7:00 am the previous Saturday morning and was back in time for lunch. As nobody believed his story, he led a party of doubters to the summit where he planted a much larger flag beside the original, this one visible to the naked eye from Canmore. The townsfolk referred to the mountain as Chinaman&#39;s Peak in his honour.</p><br>
<p>The name Chinaman&#39;s Peak did not become official until 1980. Later, in 1997 it was renamed Ha Ling Peak as the term Chinaman was viewed as derogatory.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes</h2><br>
<p>There is a hiking route up the south side. On the north side there are several technical climbing routes up the face and a difficult scrambling route up Canmore Couloir, located between Mount Lawrence Grassi and Miner&#39;s Col.</p><br>
<p>Slight Side is a fell in the English Lake District it stands 25 kilometers east southeast of the town of Whitehaven and reaches a height of 762 m . Slight Side lies at the south western edge of the Scafell Massif, a four kilometre long crescent of high ground which includes the highest ground in England. The fells names derives from the Old Norse language and means "The mountain shieling with the level pastures", it is a combination of the Norse words "sletta" and "saetr". With a shieling meaning a shepherds hut or a mountain pasture used in the summer.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>When viewed from the valley of Eskdale the fell is seen as a distinct peak but in reality it is just the terminal point on Scafell’s southern ridge before it descends steeply to Eskdale. It only has 14 metres of topographic prominence between itself and Scafell (the col is at 748 metres) and therefore narrowly fails to qualify as a Nuttall hill or a Hewitt and it is left to Alfred Wainwright to give Slight Side the status of a separate fell in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells.</p><br>
<p>Slight Side is steep and craggy on all sides except to the north where the ridge runs to Scafell. The eastern flank falls to the valley of the infant River Esk while the slopes to the west descend across Eskdale Fell towards Burnmoor Tarn. Horn Crag stands to the south of the summit overlooking Eskdale. Just under a kilometre to the north past the 748m col is Long Green which is the summit of Cam Spout crags. When viewed from a distance (see picture) or even when walking, Long Green can be mistaken for the summit of Slight Side. Cam Spout Crag is a rock climbing location, although not a particularly busy one, with 12 climbs including Cam Spout Buttress and Eskdale Grooves.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The Ascent of Slight Side is started from Eskdale and is usually done in conjunction with the ascent of Scafell and possibly Scafell Pike as well. The ascent starts from the hamlet of Boot and takes the path which passes Eel Tarn and Stony Tarn before crossing bouldery ground to climb the broad ridge to the summit. Scafell stands two kilometres to the north and is reached by a vertical ascent of 230 metres. The fell can be bagged with little effort while descending to Eskdale from Scafell by the southern ridge.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Slight Side is a fine rocky peak and is listed by Alfred Wainwright as one of the six best summits in the Lake District, calling it “rocky, shapely and well defined and can be attained only by a rough final scramble”. The highlight of the view from the summit is the vista westward towards the sea.</p><br>
<p>Frazier Mountain is a broad, pine-forested peak in the Transverse Ranges System, within the Los Padres National Forest in northeastern Ventura County, California. At 8,017 ft, Frazier Mnt. is the sixteenth-highest mountain in the Transverse Ranges of Southern California.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The community of Frazier Park and its outlying district of Lake of the Woods are northward of the mountain. The intersection of Ventura, Los Angeles, and Kern Counties lies just to the northeast. Interstate 5 runs to the east of the mountain, and Southern California Edison&#39;s Path 26 500 kV wires are at its eastern foothills.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pinos is 21.5 miles by road west of Frazier Mountain. Alamo Mountain and the Sespe Condor Sanctuary are to its south.</p><br>
<p>The summit of the mountain is a Forest Service lookout area with radio tower facilities as well as an abandoned fire lookout tower. The highest point is accessible by a forest road that is open when there is no snow present on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Stoney Squaw Mountain, often called just Stoney Squaw is a mountain in the Bow River Valley of Banff National Park, adjacent to the town of Banff, Alberta, Canada.</p><br>
<p>Stoney Squaw is located between Cascade Mountain and Mount Norquay, in the Vermilion Range of the Canadian Rockies. Stoney Squaw is the second smallest mountain adjacent to the townsite, taller only than Tunnel Mountain. It is much rounder than many of the other mountains nearby.</p><br>
<p>Ernest Ingersoll wrote in his 1892 "Canadian Guide Book" that the mountain takes its name "from the traditional story that some years ago a brave old Assiniboine woman sustained her husband, who lay sick for several months in their lodge at its base, by hunting upon its top and sides, where there are open glades which still form favourite spring feeding-places for the big-horn or mountain sheep. The name became official in 1922. The adjacent Cascade Mountain used to be referred to as Stoney Chief, though this name is now largely defunct.</p><br>
<p>House Mountain is a mountain located in Corryton, Tennessee, United States, about 8 mi northeast of Knoxville. Rising to an elevation of 2,064 ft above sea level, House Mountain is the highest point in Knox County.</p><br>
<p>The House Mountain State Natural Area&mdash; designated in 1987&mdash; consists of 525 acre, mostly on the south side of the mountain. House Mountain is known for its huge sandstone boulders, its wide variety of bird and plant life, and for the views from its two peaks. On a clear day, the Great Smoky Mountains and the upper Unaka Range are visible to the south and east, the Cumberland Plateau is visible to the west, and Powell Mountain and Clinch Mountain are visible to the north and northeast.</p><br>
<p>The origin of the mountain&#39;s name is unknown, though a local legend suggests early settlers thought the mountain was shaped like the roof of a house.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical and natural setting</h2><br>
<p>House Mountain rises from a large plain in eastern Knox County, about 3 mi southwest of the southern terminus of Clinch Mountain and immediately north of McAnnally Ridge. House, McAnnally, and Clinch are all part of the Appalachian Ridge-and-Valley Province, which consists of a series of narrow, elongate ridges stretching in a northeast-to-southwest direction between the main Appalachian crest to the east and the Cumberland Plateau to the west. These ridges are typically flanked by fertile river valleys that are part of the upper Tennessee River watershed.</p><br>
<p>House Mountain stretches for just over 3 mi from its southwestern base along Hogskin Branch to its northeastern base along Flat Creek, and covers approximately 2,500 acre. The mountains crest is crowned by two main peaks&mdash; one rising southwest of the center of the mountain and one rising on the mountains northeastern end. The southwest peak is the true summit, although both peaks rise above 2000 feet.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, House Mountain is a "synclinal outlier" of Clinch Mountain. Erosion by Flat Creek&mdash; which lies halfway between House and Clinch&mdash; separated the two mountains in ancient times. Like all of the Ridge-and-Valleys, House Mountain was created approximately 250 million years ago during the Alleghenian orogeny mountain-building epoch. House Mountains base is covered with a mesophytic forest consisting chiefly of maple, tulip poplar, ash, and buckeye. Chestnut oak and table mountain pine dominate the mountains steeper slopes and upper elevations.</p><br>
<h2>Broadcasting history</h2><br>
<p>Located about a half mile east of House Mountain on much lower Zachary Ridge (behind House Mountain in the picture) is a 1,751 ft broadcasting tower, formerly owned and used by WBIR-TV, Channel 10, Knoxville. The tall tower was actually built in 1963 because the former owners of WBIR&mdash; seeking to expand their broadcast coverage in the early 1960s&mdash; were unable to purchase private property atop House Mountain to build a new, much shorter tower for their antenna.</p><br>
<p>In a 1983 interview with PM Magazine, John Reece, former WATE-TV program director and former shareholder in the stations ownership, told the intriguing story of how House Mountain contributed a small part to Knoxvilles broadcasting history. According to Reece, WBIR&mdash; WATEs VHF rival in Knoxville&mdash; had long wanted to move from its original 800 ft tower on Sharps Ridge in downtown Knoxville (which is still standing), to a much higher site atop House Mountain. If a new WBIR tower had been built atop House Mountain 15 mi away as the stations owners had planned, the tower would have only needed to be about 600 to 700 ft to reach the 1,800 ft allowable height above average terrain the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) had already approved for the station. According to Reece, so sure was WBIR of moving to House Mountain, the station had concrete piers staked off in 1962, and had already drilled through some of the rocky escarpment on the mountains apex. Some of those are visible rock outcroppings today.</p><br>
<p>Reece said his former co-investors, Mountcastle Broadcasting, the then-owners of WATE, who had been anticipating a WBIR House Mountain tower and its wide broadcasting coverage area, quickly purchased that property, which happened to be the only property for sale on the mountaintop that could be used as a tower base. The WATE owners then convinced the adjoining property owners not to sell their property atop House Mountain, citing aesthetic reasons. Thus, WBIR was forced to spend millions of dollars in 1963 to build a taller tower for its broadcasting antenna in the surrounding valley below. The resulting 1,751 ft tower, now owned by South Central Communications and used by its local station, WIMZ-FM 103.5, was and still is the tallest man-made structure in the state of Tennessee. After WBIR was forced to build the tall tower, WATE then sold its newly acquired House Mountain property to a private owner.</p><br>
<p>Eventually, WBIR-TV moved to a shorter tower (1,504 ft) back on Sharps Ridge in downtown Knoxville, built right next to its original 800 ft tower. Ironically, WATE-TV now operates an adjacent tower on Sharps Ridge, which is 20 ft higher than WBIR-TV&#39;s.</p><br>
<h2>House Mountain State Natural Area</h2><br>
<p>The House Mountain State Natural Area consists of 525 acre managed by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and Knox County Parks & Recreation. The Trust for Public Land purchased the plot in 1985 and sold it to the state of Tennessee in 1987. An interpretive kiosk, picnic facilities, and approximately 5 mi of trails were constructed in the early 1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Jurong Hill  is a scenic hill situated in western Singapore off Jalan Ahmad Ibrahim. The hill is also known as Bukit Peropok in Malay. It is enveloped in 15 hectares of lush greenery standing 60 meters tall. Commanding a panoramic view of Jurong Town since 1971, the hill became a well-known landmark. The park was constructed by JTC Corporation. Within the park is a "garden of fame", so named for many trees planted by visiting foreign dignitaries. There is a look-out tower on Jurong Hill where one can get an aerial view of Jurong. The park on Jurong Hill, Jurong Hill Park, is a popular spot for couples to shoot their wedding photos. Jurong Bird Park is located on the western slope of Jurong Hill.</p><br>
<p>It is bounded by Jalan Ahmad Ibrahim, Pioneer Road, Jalan Buroh and Jurong Pier Road.</p><br>
<p>There is also a restaurant on the hill, though the long-standing Hilltop Japanese and Indonesian Restaurant is now closed.</p><br>
<h2>Garden of fame</h2><br>
<p>The following celebrities planted trees in the garden</p><br>
<p>* HRH Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy of the United Kingdom - She planted the first tree in the garden in 1969 while attending the 150th Anniversary of the Founding of Singapore and the National Day Celebration.</p><br>
<p>* The Rt. Hon. Pierre Elliott Trudeau - Prime Minister of Canada (23 May 1970)</p><br>
<p>* Soeharto - President of The Republic of Indonesia (29 to 31 August 1974)</p><br>
<p>* Ferdinand E. Marcos - President of the Republic of The Philippines (27 to 29 January 1976)</p><br>
<p>* Mom Rajwongse Kukrit Pramoj - Prime Minister of Thailand (24 to 27 July 1975)</p><br>
<p>* Dr Albert Winsemius - Economic advisor from 1961 to 1984 to Singapore (1 March 1984)</p><br>
<p>* Duke of Edinburgh (19 February 1972)</p><br>
<p>* Queen Elizabeth II of England (18 February to 20 February 1972)</p><br>
<p>* Mohammad Reza Pahlavi - Imperial Majesty of Iran (18 February to 20 September 1974)</p><br>
<p>* Takeo Fukuda - Prime Minister of Japan (14 to 15 August 1977)</p><br>
<p>* Deng Xiaoping - Vice Premier of The People&#39;s Republic of China (12 to 14 November 1978)</p><br>
<p>* Shri Varahagiri Venkata Giri - President of India (14 to 17 September 1971)</p><br>
<p>* Gaston Thorn - Prime Minister of Luxembourg (13 to 14 June 1978)</p><br>
<p>* H.E. Major General Ziaur Rahman BU, PSC - President of People&#39;s Republic of Bangladesh (20 to 21 September 1978)</p><br>
<p>* H.E. Hans Koschnick - Prime Minister of the state of Bremen, Federal Republic of Germany (29 January 1971)</p><br>
<p>* Spiro Agnew - Vice President of The United States of America (10 January 1970)</p><br>
<p>* Rt. Hon. Errol Walton Barrow - Prime Minister of Barbados (23 January 1971)</p><br>
<p>* Lord Mayor Peter Schulz - The President of the Senate of The Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (19 February 1973)</p><br>
<p>* Sirimavo Bandaranaike - The Prime Minister of Ceylon (11 January 1971)</p><br>
<p>* Rt. Hon. Dr. Kofi Abrefa Busia - Prime Minister of Ghana (23 January 1971)</p><br>
<p>* Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland (30 September 1975)</p><br>
<p>* Crown Prince Harald of Norway - Crown Prince Harald of Norway (23 February 1978)</p><br>
<p>* Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester GCVO (1 November 1975)</p><br>
<p>* Rt. Hon. Michael Thomas Somare, CH - Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (23 to 29 July 1978)</p><br>
<p>* William McMahon - Prime Minister of Australia (9 June 1972)</p><br>
<p>* HRH Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon - United Kingdom (17 to 19 October 1972)</p><br>
<p>* H.E. Džemal Bijedić - President of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia (19 March 1973)</p><br>
<p>Midway House, also known as Broken M Bar Ranch and Meyer Ranch, is an 1889 Queen Anne ranch house located near Aspen Park, Colorado. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land now known as Meyer Ranch was homesteaded by the Duncan McIntyre family in the mid-19th century. Located near the Turkey Creek wagon road, they fed and lodged travelers.</p><br>
<p>The property was purchased in 1883 by Louis Ramboz, who had the house built in 1889 from lumber milled on the property. Midway House served as an overflow house for a stagecoach stop on the route from Denver to Fairplay, named because of its location midway between Denver and Bailey.</p><br>
<p>The ranch reportedly served as the winter quarters for animals of the P.T. Barnum Circus in the late 1880s, but there is no record of P.T. Barnum ever coming to Colorado. A board inscribed "Circus Town 1889" was found in the house during renovation in 1955.</p><br>
<p>After Ramboz, the ranch was owned by Ralph Kirkpatrick from 1912 to 1950 and run as a working ranch with a hillside cleared for skiing in the early 1940s. Skiers were transported from the road to the base of a single rope tow in horse-drawn sleighs. The ski area was known as Mount Lugo and, though it closed in 1942, the hills at Meyer Ranch are still enjoyed by cross-country and backcountry skiers.</p><br>
<p>In 1950, Norman and Ethel Meyer bought the ranch including Midway House. In 1959, they bought McIntyres original homestead. The Meyers sold 400 acre of their 600 acre ranch to Jefferson County Open Space in 1987, which opened Meyer Ranch Park to the public in 1989. The house remains in the Meyers ownership. As of September 2010, a preliminary agreement has been negotiated to conduct a feasibility study for the establishment of the house as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The location appeared on the pilot episode of the History Channel documentary series Mega Movers. It first aired on April 27, 2005 as a segment of the Modern Marvels episode "Mega Movers" (#337), which followed the move of a cabin and an 1870 hay and stock barn closer to the ranch house.</p><br>
<p>The Copper King Mansion, also known as the W. A. Clark Mansion, is a 34-room residence of Romanesque Revival Victorian architecture that was built from 1884 to 1888 as the Butte, Montana, residence of William Andrews Clark, one of Montana&#39;s three famous Copper Kings. The home features fresco painted ceilings, elegant parquets of rare imported wood, gas and electric chandeliers, ornate hand-carved fireplaces and stairways, and stained-glass windows. The mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Copper King Mansion has been privately owned, operated, and occupied by the Cote family since 1953. The home is operated as a bed and breakfast. Guided tours are available during the summer tourist season, or by appointment during the winter months. The home underwent restoration in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The building of the Copper King Mansion is described in the bestselling biography of Clark&#39;s daughter, Huguette, Empty Mansions: The Mysterious Life of Huguette Clark and the Spending of a Great American Fortune by Bill Dedman and Paul Clark Newell, Jr.</p><br>
<p>Not to be confused with Alton Castle.</p><br>
<p>Halton Castle is in the former village of Halton which is now part of the town of Runcorn, Cheshire, England. The castle is situated on the top of Halton Hill, a sandstone prominence overlooking the village. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and a scheduled ancient monument.</p><br>
<p>It was the seat of the Barons of Halton from the 11th century until the 14th century and it then passed to the Duchy of Lancaster. It was besieged twice in the Civil War after which its structure deteriorated. In the 18th century a new courthouse was built on the site of the previous gatehouse. The castle lies in ruins apart from the courthouse which has been converted into a public house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Building and administration</h3><br>
<p>Although there is no surviving evidence, it is likely that Halton Hill was a settlement in prehistoric times. Following the Norman conquest, the Barony of Halton was established by Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester. The first baron to be appointed was Nigel of Cotentin and it is almost certain that he would have built a motte and bailey castle on the site, constructing it from wood, although the excavations in 1986–87 showed no evidence of a motte and bailey structure or of a timber tower or palisade. It is most probable that during the 12th century the wooden structure was replaced by a castle built from the local sandstone although no documentary evidence of this remains. When the 15th baron, Henry Bolingbroke, ascended the throne as King Henry IV, the castle became the property of the Duchy of Lancaster.</p><br>
<p>The earliest documentary evidence of building work at Halton Castle shows that during the 15th century and into the 16th century it was regularly maintained. Between 1450 and 1457 a new gate tower was built. an administrative centre, and a court of law. In 1580–81 the castle was designated as a prison for Catholic recusants, but there is no evidence that it was ever used for that purpose.</p><br>
<h3>Royal visits</h3><br>
<p>There is little evidence of any visits by eminent people to the castle, although there is a belief that in 1207 King John visited and donated £5 towards the upkeep of its chapel. Edward II certainly visited the castle and was there for three days in November 1323, during which time he also visited Norton Priory.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>At the outbreak of the Civil War the castle was garrisoned by the Royalists under the command of Captain Walter Primrose who had been appointed by Earl Rivers. It was besieged by Parliamentary forces under Sir William Brereton in 1643, and the Royalists eventually surrendered after several weeks. On hearing of the approach of superior Royalist forces led by Prince Rupert, the Parliamentarians abandoned the castle and it was held again for the Royalists under Colonel Fenwick. There was a second siege in 1644 but, as the fortunes of the Royalists declined elsewhere, they withdrew from Halton and the Parliamentarians under Sir William Brereton re-occupied the castle. In 1646 a "Council of War" was held in Warrington where it was decided that the defences of the castles at Halton and Beeston were to be dismantled. In time this was achieved and Halton castle was to have no further military function. By 1650 the castle was said to be "very ruinous".</p><br>
<h3>More recent history</h3><br>
<p>The condition of the building continued to deteriorate although the gatehouse remained in use as a court. In 1728 George Cholmondeley, 2nd Earl of Cholmondeley leased the site from the Crown. In 1737 a courthouse was built on the site of the medieval gatehouse. Henry Sephton, a Liverpool architect and builder and John Orme, a joiner from Prescot, were appointed to carry out the work. The first floor was the courtroom and prisoners were held in the basement. By 1792 the courthouse had fallen into disrepair and money was found to repair it, although the source of that money is unclear. The court continued to function there until 1908.</p><br>
<p>Around 1800 three folly walls had been added to the existing ruined walls on the east side of the castle to make it look more impressive from Norton Priory, the home of Sir Richard Brooke. One of these walls was demolished around 1906. During the Victorian era a sunken garden and two bowling greens were constructed within the castle enclosure. In 1977 the castle was leased to Halton Borough Council. In 1986–87 the site of the castle was excavated.</p><br>
<h2>Present state</h2><br>
<p>The castle continues to be owned by the Duchy of Lancaster and the site is managed by the Norton Priory Museum Trust. The interior of the castle is occasionally opened to the public and there are plans to make it more accessible in the future. The castle is a Grade I listed building. Its walls are in a ruinous state but the circumference is intact and it is possible to walk completely around the exterior. From its prominent position there are extensive views in all directions, including Lancashire, Cheshire, the Pennines, the hills of the Peak District and the mountains of North Wales. The courthouse is now a public house, the Castle Hotel. Its first floor is used as a function room and the basement contains the cellars of the public house. It is designated as a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>Historic Huguenot Street is located in New Paltz, New York, approximately 90 mi north of New York City. The seven stone houses and several accompanying structures in the 10-acre National Landmark Historic District were likely built in the early 18th century by Huguenot settlers fleeing discrimination and religious persecution in France and what&#39;s now southern Belgium. After negotiating with the Esopus Indians, this small group of Huguenots settled on a flat rise on the banks of the Wallkill River in 1678. The settlers named the site in honor of Die Pfalz, the region of present-day Germany that had provided them temporary refuge before they came to America. Recent archaeological finds indicate that the immediate area settled by the Huguenots was occupied by Native Americans prior to European contact. The site is one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The house museums of Historic Huguenot Street are in their original village setting. The street has been included in the National Register of Historic Places since the Register was created in 1966, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the houses, the 10 acre site features a burying ground dating to the earlier 18th century, a reconstructed 1717 stone church, a visitor center, a library and archives, and spaces for other programming.</p><br>
<p>The site is owned and operated by Historic Huguenot Street (HHS), which was founded in 1894. In 1899, Historic Huguenot Street purchased the Jean Hasbrouck House as the first house museum on the street. In the 1950s and 60s, the organization and related family associations purchased most of the remaining stone houses in the district and subsequently opened them as museums. These acquisitions were funded in large part by descendants of the original Huguenot founders. Their family associations play a key role in supporting the institution today.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, the organization began offering related educational and informative programming to the public—which it continues to do today. The site is open to the public and programming is offered year-round. "In the Moment" interpretations, delivered by staff in authentic historical clothing, are now part of the core experience, along with other types of programming. Visit the for current schedules & rates.</p><br>
<h2>Individual houses</h2><br>
<h3>Bevier-Elting House</h3><br>
<p>Dating to the very early 18th century, the house was originally a one-room building built with the narrow or gable end facing the street—then the prevailing style of the low countries of Northern Europe. Two expansions were built later, as was a small cellar that was used to house African slaves. The house was built by the Bevier family, one of the founding families, and subsequently sold to the Dutch Elting family.</p><br>
<h3>Abraham Hasbrouck House</h3><br>
<p>The structure known as the Abraham Hasbrouck House was built in three phases in the 1720s and 30s. The first room of the house—the center room—was constructed in 1721 by Daniel Hasbrouck, the son of Abraham Hasbrouck the patentee. The date 1721 is based on recent dendrochronology, which is a process by which wooden structural members are dated. This house represents a New World innovation in Dutch-style architecture. The initial houses in the Dutch region of New York, such as New Amsterdam, Albany, and Kingston, were built in the tradition of Dutch cities, with the gable-ends to the street, which conserves street frontage. The basic structure of the house consists of a series of H-bents which spread the weight of the house across the entire expanse. The original one-room house exhibited several defining elements of Dutch architecture, the jambless fireplace being the principal and most recognized feature in the house.Recently re-opened to the public in July 2012 following a restoration and reinterpretation focusing on the life of Widow Wyntje.</p><br>
<h3>Jean Hasbrouck House</h3><br>
<p>Also built in 1721 by Jean&#39;s son Jacob (and perhaps incorporating elements of an early home built by New Paltz founder Jean Hasbrouck), this home is an excellent example of Hudson Valley Dutch architecture and the showpiece of Historic Huguenot Street. A National Historic Landmark in its own right, it boasts the only remaining original jambless fireplace of any of the Huguenot Street houses, and is one of the few surviving examples in what was formerly the New Netherland.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the north wall of the house was carefully dismantled, repaired and reconstructed. Reproduction Dutch-style casement windows were installed. Interior restoration followed, resulting in a house that is an excellent example of how a comfortable family in the region lived in the mid-18th century.</p><br>
<h3>DuBois Fort</h3><br>
<p>Built ca 1705 for the DuBois family, it might have served as a fortified place for protection for the small community if needed. Originally a smaller 1½ story structure, this building was expanded to its current size in the late 1830s. Some historians and antiquarians believe that the presence of "gun ports" made it a fort, but there is no evidence of the presence of any such portholes before the 19th century. The DuBois Fort currently serves as the orientation center and gift shop, as well as a location for special events. Guests can purchase their admission tickets and memberships at this building. Over the last 300 years, it has also been used as a residence and a restaurant.</p><br>
<h3>Freer House</h3><br>
<p>The Freer House is one of the six 18th-century stone houses owned by Historic Huguenot Street. It was altered in various points in its approximately 250 years of occupancy, with its most recent major alterations occurring in 1943 when it was purchased by Rev. John Wright Follette, a direct descendant of its original builder, Hugo Freer. Over the years, the interior was modernized into a 20th-century idea of a colonial home. This structure is not currently open to the public.</p><br>
<h3>Deyo House</h3><br>
<p>The original portion of the house was built around 1720 by Patentee Pierre Deyo. It began as a one-room house, was subsequently expanded to two rooms, and ultimately to three when a stone addition was added off the rear by Pierre&#39;s grandson Abraham. Circumstances for this house changed dramatically when, at the height of the Colonial Revival movement, two descendants of Pierre Deyo, Abraham and Gertrude Brodhead, inherited the house. Wanting to live on the street of their ancestors but also wanting a modern, gracious home that reflected their affluence, the Brodheads partially dismantled the original stone house and built a grand Queen Anne home around it in 1894. They also significantly changed their surrounding property, in essence changing a small, village farm into a handsomely appointed and landscaped mini-estate. The house first passed out of Deyo family ownership in 1915. It was a private home until 1971, when it was purchased by the Deyo Family Association and donated in order to be opened to the public as a house museum. The home was most recently restored in 2003 and features circa 1915 interiors.</p><br>
<p>The patentee Pierre Deyo died in 1700, so couldn&#39;t have built the house in 1720 as stated. Per the plaque mounted outside the house it was built in 1692.</p><br>
<h3>Crispell Memorial French Church</h3><br>
<p>Since the community&#39;s founding, there have been four sanctuaries built on what is today called Huguenot Street. The French-speaking Protestants who settled New Paltz built their first church in 1683—a simple log building. This was replaced in 1717 with a straightforward, square stone building that reflected the permanence of the settlement. The existing building in the burying ground is a highly conjectural reconstruction of the 1717 building near its original location.</p><br>
<p>As the New Paltz community increased in size throughout the 18th century, a larger church became necessary. A second stone church was built down the street in 1772. When it became too small, it was demolished and replaced by a third church built in 1839. This church survives today and is home to an active Reformed congregation.</p><br>
<p>The reconstructed church is named in honor of Antoine Crispell, one of the twelve founders or patentees of New Paltz, and a direct ancestor of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. It was built as the result of a fundraising campaign led by the Crispell Family Association. The Crispell Family Foundation opted to create this reconstructed church in their ancestor&#39;s honor. It was completed in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The 1717 church was designed to reflect Reform thinking: the pulpit was placed in a central location, and the pews were placed so that everyone could see and hear more equally. This expressed the concept that each person had a direct relationship with God, rather than one mediated through a church hierarchy.</p><br>
<h3>LeFevre House</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1799 by Ezekiel Elting, a prosperous merchant who was born in the Bevier-Elting House, this stone and brick building is quite different from the earlier stone houses on Huguenot Street. Its Georgian-style architecture reflects the transition of New Paltz from a French and Dutch settlement to an Anglo-American community, and increasing refinement in architecture in this period as settlements matured. The house shows the changes in architectural style from the early 18th century. This house reflects the several changes in the society and home life of New Paltz in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<h3>Deyo Hall</h3><br>
<p>Formerly a glass factory, Deyo Hall is the site of event and meeting facilities and public restrooms. Collections storage is also housed in this building.</p><br>
<h3>Roosa House Library and Archives</h3><br>
<p>Located in the Roosa House, the Library and Archives at Historic Huguenot Street is a research facility devoted primarily to the history and genealogy of the Huguenot and Dutch Settlers of the Hudson Valley. It also functions as a general repository for local history, regardless of ethnicity or religious persuasion. The collections consist of family genealogies, church, cemetery and bible records, wills and deeds, census records, genealogical periodicals, county histories, and publications relating to Huguenot ancestry. Genealogists, local historians, and other interested parties can access the collections by appointment. The colorful paint replicates the original colors of the house in 1891.</p><br>
<h3>Native American presence on Huguenot Street</h3><br>
<p>Historians and archeologists have learned more about the continuing relations between the Esopus, the original inhabitants of the area, and the Huguenots. Some results of research can be found at the HHS site at.The "Before Hudson" exhibit, currently on view at the DuBois Fort Visitor Center, shows some of the highlights of archaeological excavation in our area with artifacts dating back 6,000-8,000 years ago.</p><br>
<h3>Slavery in New Paltz</h3><br>
<p>The historical record of slavery in New Paltz begins in 1674, three years before its founding, when Louis DuBois purchased two African slaves at a public auction held in Kingston (then called Esopus). The two slaves ran away the following spring and were captured in the colony by Lewis Morris of Barbados. From 1675 to 1680, Morris and DuBois engaged in a lengthy custody battle for the two slaves.</p><br>
<p>Settlers continued to buy slaves to serve as laborers in New Paltz to support the settlements growth. The Deyo family bought slaves in 1680 and 1694. Throughout the next 125 years, historical records of the settlement included references to slaves. In 1703, the population included nine slaves out of a total of 130 residents. Jean and Jacob Hasbrouck owned several slaves; they were named in Jeans will as "Gerritt," "James," and "Molly." By 1755, slavery was a well-established part of the New Paltz community: the census from that year lists 28 slave holders, who collectively owned 78 slaves over the age of 14 years. The majority of slave holders (82%) owned between one and four slaves, and used them as domestic servants and farm laborers.</p><br>
<p>The overall population of New Paltz grew rapidly to 2,309 in 1790, by when 77 slave holders owned a total of 302 slaves, or 13% of the population. For more information pertaining to slavery in New Paltz, visit. HHS also has an online exhibit called</p><br>
<p>The Sioux City Municipal Auditorium, now known as the Long Lines Family Recreation Center, is a 3,500-seat multi-purpose arena in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. The fifth in a line of major indoor venues built in Sioux City, it was designed by Knute E. Westerlind in 1938 and finally completed after many delays in 1950. In 2003, the building was replaced by the Tyson Events Center, built around the northeast corner of the Municipal Auditorium. The building was then converted to its current use as a recreation center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For countless generations, the Native American residents at the confluence of the Big Sioux River with the Missouri River held their ceremonies, performances, and sporting events primarily outdoors, without need of specialized structures. The fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien in 1830 forced them to leave Iowa, and forty years later the new White residents built the first in a series of five major indoor venues for Sioux City: the Academy of Music of 1870, the Peavey Grand Opera House of 1888, the Old Municipal Auditorium of 1909, this one completed in 1950, and Gateway Arena of 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Academy of Music was located between Pierce and Douglas Streets on the southern side of Fourth Street. Designed by local architect H.O. Ball and erected by the firm of Sharp and Beck, it employed cast iron columns, a brick exterior, and terra cotta. The first floor included the city post office and commercial space, with an 800-seat performance space on the second floor. As the citys only large hall, it held high school graduations, theatrical performances, concerts, and speeches, including at least two by Susan B. Anthony speaking on behalf of womens suffrage. The building ended its life as part of the growing Davidson Brothers Department Store, and was demolished in 1910 to make way for a better structure for the store.</p><br>
<p>The Peavey Grand Opera House was built in 1888, and "this elegant facility replaced the Academy of Music as the citys cultural center". The limitations of the Academy of Music were clear by 1881, but it wasnt until it was combined with the desire for a new chamber of commerce building that it became a viable project. Architects James W. Martin and Oscar Cobb joined forces to design the resulting Romanesque revival building with a mansard roof, located on the northwest corner of Fourth and Jones Streets. A bank and a drug store occupied either side of the theater lobby on the first floor, while the chamber of commerce, local weather bureau, real estate and other offices filled the upper floors. The opera hall itself was in back, and seated over 1300 in lavish style. During its heyday, Sarah Bernhardt, "the most famous actress the world has ever known", and Edwin Booth, the greatest Hamlet of the 19th Century, each played the Peavey. After 1909 the hall was no longer in demand, and the deteriorating hall was eventually relegated to Hans Espersons auto repair garage, while the elegant front offices housed the seedy Grand Hotel and Harry Zanfes Cafe. The whole thing went up in flames on November 3, 1931.</p><br>
<p>The Old Municipal Auditorium of 1909 was built on the southwest corner of Seventh and Douglas Streets, directly across Douglas from the site where construction would begin seven years later on the outstanding Woodbury County Courthouse. Designed by architect George W. Burkhead, this was the first of the buildings dedicated exclusively to the performance hall. Its most distinctive features are the pediment high over the main entrance, above the brick cornice, and prominent keystones over the entrances. It was undistinguished architecturally; soon after its construction, The Western Architect characterized it as "an ugly, barn-like structure dignified by the name of Auditorium." It was the home of television station KCAU-TV (original call letters KVTV) from 1955 until early 2017.</p><br>
<p>For over 50 years, the auditorium routinely hosted graduations, concerts, and sporting events, including the Sioux City Symphony Orchestra and (since 1972) the Sioux City Musketeers ice hockey team. Until 1982 it served as the home arena for the Briar Cliff College Chargers. Among those appearing on its stage were Elvis Presley, Robert Plant, Richard M. Nixon, John F. Kennedy and Van Cliburn.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the Sioux City Symphony moved to the newly restored Orpheum Theater, and in 2003 the venue was replaced for large concerts and sporting events by Gateway Arena. The new Events Center was built around to the northwest corner of the Municipal Auditorium, with doors added to connect the buildings. Part of the former Municipal Auditorium is used by the Events Center for storage, and the dressing rooms are still being used for Events Center acts. A historical preservation group wanted to maintain the history of the arena and decided to use it for recreation, naming it the Long Lines Family Recreation Center, being sponsored by Long Lines. Among other attractions, the center offers volleyball and basketball courts, a batting cage, and a climbing wall; and hosts weddings, receptions, and other events.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is rich in details, including relief sculptures of stylized Native Americans on the northern exterior, and a number of terra cotta panels on the southern exterior, each depicting a person involved in a sporting or musical activity. There are inscriptions above the entrances: the one on the west reads "There is No Greater Conquest Than That of Self", while the one on the east reads "Art at Its Highest and Nature at Its Truest are One".</p><br>
<p>HMS Bedouin&#39; was a destroyer of the British Royal Navy that saw service in World War II. She was launched on 21 December 1937 by William Denny and Brothers.</p><br>
<h2>Trials</h2><br>
<p>During her trials Bedouin made 37.457 kn at 372.4 RPM with 44,522 shp at 2,035 LT.</p><br>
<h2>Service history</h2><br>
<p>She served in the Second Battle of Narvik, where she was slightly damaged, and in the 1941 commando raid on the Lofoten islands. During Operation Harpoon, a large allied convoy to ressuply Malta, she was sunk by the combined action of Italian cruisers and and an SM.79 torpedo bomber on 15 June 1942. She was hit by at least 12 six-inch rounds and near-misses from the cruisers and an aerial torpedo before sinking. A gunner manning a.5-inch (12.7 mm) quad machine gun mounting shot down the torpedo bomber which delivered the coup de grâce. Twenty-eight men from her complement were killed in action and 213 were taken as prisoners of war by the Italian Navy.</p><br>
<p>Mokolii, commonly known as Chinaman&#39;s Hat, is a basalt islet in Kāneʻohe Bay, Hawaii. Mokolii is part of Kualoa Regional Park and located 1/3 mi offshore of Kualoa Point, Oahu. The 12.5 acre islet was at one time part of a basaltic ridge on Oahu before marine erosion separated it.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Mokolii translates from Hawaiian as "little lizard." According to Hawaiian mythology, the island is the remains of a giant lizards or dragons tail that was chopped off and tossed into the ocean by the goddess Hiʻiaka. (Note there are no lizards native to Hawaii.) The common name of Chinaman&#39;s Hat derives from its likeness to the Asian conical hat.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Both wildlife and plants of Mokolii have been affected by the presence of non-native species, in particular the black rat and yellow crazy ant. Although other species of birds previously nested there, the Wedge-tailed shearwater is the only species of bird that nests on Mokolii. 72 species of plants have been identified, the majority of which are invasive non-native species. Native plants thrive in the coastal margins and include ahu awa (Cyperus javanicus), naupaka (Scaevola taccada), and ilima (Sida fallax). Invasive plants which dominate the slopes are Lantana camara, Spanish needles (Bidens alba var. radiata), and christmasberry. The island was designated as a critical habitat for Carter’s panicgrass (Panicum fauriei var. carteri) by the USA Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in 1983. In 2002, the USFWS initiated a program to eradicate rats from Mokolii.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Mokolii is owned by the City and County of Honolulu and is protected by state and federal park regulations. It is open to the public from dawn to dusk. It can be accessed by kayak, boat, surfboard, or by swimming, or wading at low tide.</p><br>
<p>Bald Eagle Mountain – once known locally as Muncy Mountain – is a stratigraphic ridge in the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians of central Pennsylvania, USA, running east of the Allegheny Front and northwest of Mount Nittany. It lies along the southeast side of Bald Eagle Creek, and south of the West Branch Susquehanna River, and is the westernmost ridge in its section of the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians. The ridge line separates the West Branch Susquehanna Valley from the Nippenose and White Deer Hole Valleys, and Bald Eagle Valley from Nittany Valley.</p><br>
<p>Bald Eagle Mountain lies in the central portion of Centre County, the southern portion of Clinton County, the southern portion of Lycoming County, and the ridge line forms part of the border between Blair County and Huntingdon County. It runs from the water gap formed with Brush Mountain by the Little Juniata River at Tyrone, to the bend in the West Branch Susquehanna River just east of Williamsport, a distance of approximately 60 miles (100 km).</p><br>
<p>The Julian and Unionville Pikes are paved roads that cross the ridge near State College, along with and USA Route 322 and Interstate 99 which pass through the now enlarged wind gap known as "Skytop". Most other major road crossings are through gaps, including Interstate 80 which passes through the Curtin Gap east of Milesburg, Pennsylvania. There are water gaps in the ridge formed by Spring Creek in Milesburg and Fishing Creek in Mill Hall (where USA Route 220 crosses). USA Route 15 crosses south of Williamsport near Bald Eagle Mountain&#39;s eastern end.</p><br>
<p>Bald Eagle Ridge is popular with soaring birds and glider pilots ridge soaring along its slopes. This ridge is part of a chain of ridges that stretch south to Tennessee. The Ridge Soaring Gliderport lies at the foot of this ridge between Julian and Unionville.</p><br>
<p>A mature oak and hickory forest covers the Bald Eagle Mountain.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the best sites in the eastern United States for viewing the migration of the golden eagle.</p><br>
<h2>Geology of Bald Eagle Mountain</h2><br>
<p>Bald Eagle Mountain is in the western part of the Ridge and Valley province of the Appalachian Mountains. Brush Mountain, and neighboring Nittany Mountain and Tussey Mountain ridges, are part of the same Paleozoic anticline rock formation consisting of older Ordovicial Bald Eagle Formation sandstone and Juniata Formation Shale, and younger Silurian Tuscarora Formation Quartzite.</p><br>
<p>During the Appalachian orogeny, these layers folded up with the underlying and overlying layers into the Nittany Arch. The arch was a Himalayan scale mountain that towered above what is now Nittany Valley, where the oldest rock layers from deep within the eroded mountain are now exposed. Younger rocks from the outer layers of the arch are exposed on the West side of the ridge in the Bald Eagle Valley, with the youngest across the valley at the foot of the Allegheny Front. These sedimentary rock layers were tipped almost vertical on the side of the ancient mountain where Bald Eagle Mountain now lies.</p><br>
<p>The Tuscarora Quartzite is more resistant to erosion than Bald Eagle sandstone, and both are more durable than the Juniata Shale sandwiched in-between. Softer rock layers on either side of these eroded, leaving the double crested Bald Eagle Mountain ridge, with a depression between the higher western and slightly lower eastern ridge lines. On the neighboring ridges that formed the opposite slope of the ancient mountain, the same three rock layers are exposed in reverse order, with the oldest rocks near the hinge of the fold. Since the rock layers on these ridges are not vertical, the Tuscarora Formation underlies a much higher crest, and the Bald Eagle Formation creates a series of lower "terraces" broken by small ravines.</p><br>
<p>The southeast slope of the ridge is underlaid by Juniata Formation sandstone. The northwest slope of the ridge, where the rock layers are near vertical, exposes a series of rock layers, from summit to foot, or older to younger: Clinton Group sandstone and shale, Mifflintown Formation shale and limestone, Bloomsburg Formation shale, siltstone, sandstone, and mudstone, Wills Creek Formation shale, siltstone, limestone, and dolomite, Tonoloway Formation limestone, Keyser Formation limestone, Old Port Formation Shriver chert, Mandata shale, Corriganville chert, New Creek limestone and Ridgeley Member sandstone, and Onondaga Formation calcareous shale.</p><br>
<p>The Bald Eagle sandstone is also laced with pyrite veins, and when exposed to air and water, these minerals produce sulfuric acid, contaminating both surface runoff and groundwater. Construction of Interstate 99 where it crosses Bald Eagle Mountain has been delayed since 2004 by complaints from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection about acidic runoff from pyritic rock excavated from this formation. The planned I-99/I-80 interchange further north in the Nittany Valley at the foot of the ridge was redesigned to avoid excavating contaminated rock from the same formation.</p><br>
<p>Hart Side  is a subsidiary top on one of the east ridges of Stybarrow Dodd, which is a mountain  in the English Lake District, west of Ullswater on the main Helvellyn ridge in the Eastern Fells. With a height of 2,480 feet  Hart Side rises above the col separating it from Green Side by 75 feet .</p><br>
<p>Some guide-book writers have treated Hart Side as a distinct fell, and have devoted a separate chapter to it.</p><br>
<p>The same writers have treated the lower Watermillock Common as part of (or associated with) the fell. Other writers have simply focussed on routes to and between the many individual tops here and throughout Lakeland.</p><br>
<p>Hart Side and Green Side are the two ends of a ridge which is composed of andesite rock, a sequence of lava flows from ancient volcanoes. A lead vein in the Green Side end of the ridge was exploited by the most successful lead mine in the Lake District until it closed in 1962.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The east ridge of Stybarrow Dodd falls about 262 feet (80 m) to a broad col from which the ground rises again. From this point the combined Hart Side and Green Side ridge has a smooth, rounded, grassy top and winds for some 1½ miles (2.5 km) to the north east. After rising 98 feet (30 m) to White Stones, the summit of Green Side (2,608 ft/795 m), it loses 203 feet (62 m) of height before rising again from a broad, gentle col, but regains only 75 feet (23 m) to the summit of Hart Side (2,608ft/756 m).</p><br>
<p>At this point the ridge turns abruptly to the south of east and after losing roughly 66 feet (20 m) again it rises to a broad, rounded, unnamed grassy swelling with a height of about 2,428 feet (740 m). A north-east shoulder of this swelling ends with steeper gradients on all sides and a scattering of broken crags ahead. This shoulder was named Birkett Fell in 1963, but it has just 6½ feet (2 m) prominence above the ridge it terminates.</p><br>
<p>This ridge of Stybarrow Dodd continues to the east as Watermillock Common after a further drop of over 656 feet (200 m).</p><br>
<p>To the north and west of the Hart Side and Green Side ridge, and to the east of Birkett Fell, grassy slopes drop into Deepdale, with an outcrop of rock just beneath the Hart Side summit, called Hart Crag, and the broken crags beneath Birkett Fell. This Deepdale should not be confused with the valley of the same name near Patterdale. These sides of the ridge are drained by Aira Beck into Ullswater.</p><br>
<p>Much steeper crags line the south of Hart Side and the east of Green Side. This is Glencoyne Head, where a corrie glacier formed during the final phase of the last ice age and created these steep cliffs.</p><br>
<p>These slopes drain into Glencoyne and then to Ullswater.</p><br>
<p>To complete the picture, the south side of Green Side also falls steeply and over rocky crags in places into the valley of Stick’s Gill (East), which also drains into Ullswater via the Glenridding Beck.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Hart Side is mainly grassy but with a scattering of rocky boulders showing though the grass. Some small cairns have been built on it, and there is another cairn some 164 feet (50 m) north of the summit, but the most unusual features are a long east-west trench which has been dug a few yards to the south, and a shallow hollow measuring 23 feet (7 m) by 13 feet (4 m) just to the north. The trench was probably dug by prospectors looking for an extension to the vein being mined beneath Green Side, and the hollow may have been the site of some shelter. In Alfred Wainwright&#39;s 1955 drawing the trench looks much cleaner and fresher than it is today</p><br>
<p>The view from the summit is restricted both by the higher ridge to the west, and by intervening land to the east which conceals most of Ullswater. There are distant glimpses of Catstye Cam and Helvellyn, a closer view of Great Dodd and Stybarrow Dodd across Deepdale, and even a glimpse of Scafell Pike through the gap between Green Side and Stybarrow Dodd.</p><br>
<p>A much better viewpoint for Ullswater and the east is found at Birkett Fell, where there is a cairn built from stones carried up from the shores of Ullswater by members of the Outward Bound School in Watermillock. The cairn carries a stone plaque with the name of the fell, which was named in honour of Lord Birkett of Ulverston and in recognition of the part played by him in preventing Ullswater from being made into a reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The whole of the Hart Side and Green Side ridge, of Watermillock Common, and much of Glencoyne is now Open Access land.</p><br>
<p>Several routes lead to the top of Hart Side from the north east. From the car park at High Row an ascent can be made via Dowthwaitehead and Birkett Fell. From Dockray, or the two car parks on the A5091 road (which serve Aira Force), ascents can be made via Watermillock Common (or the slopes to the south of it) and Birkett Fell.</p><br>
<p>From the south an ascent is possible via the south-east shoulder of Green Side, above the old Greenside lead mine, or a steep, pathless ascent can be made from the old Miners’ Balcony Path around the head of Glencoyne beside Deepdale Slack and between the crags.</p><br>
<p>Hart Side may also be visited as part of a circuit of Deepdale which takes in the three Dodds.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The rocks of Hart Side and Green Side are all part of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, formed on the margin of an ancient continent during a period of intense volcanic activity, roughly 450 million years ago in the Ordovician Period.</p><br>
<p>Virtually all the rocks on the fell belong to the Birker Fell Andesite Formation.</p><br>
<p>This was formed predominantly by eruptions of mobile andesitic lava from shallow-sided volcanoes. These rocks are part of a thick succession of lava sheets found around the western and northern sides of the Lake District.</p><br>
<p>Some microgranite dykes were later intruded into the andesite which now forms the crags of Glencoyne Head. These are of early Devonian age and were probably associated with the later stages of the emplacement of the granite batholith which underlies the Lake District.</p><br>
<p>Also associated with the granite batholith was the creation of mineral veins in parts of the Lake District. The richest known lead vein of all was found crossing the south-east shoulder of Green Side. This, the Greenside Lead Vein runs in a north-south direction and dips steeply to the east at 70°. It was up to 59 feet (18 m) wide in the highest workings of the Greenside Mine, but averaged about 8 feet (2.5 m) wide in deeper workings. The vein contained galena in a mixture of quartz and smashed rock. Galena (lead sulphide) is an ore of lead. The ore from Greenside also yielded 10 oz of silver per ton of lead. Higher levels of the vein also contained quantities of baryte (barium sulphate), although at the time this had no commercial value. Very small amounts of blende (zinc sulphide) and chalcopyrite (copper-iron sulphide) were found in the deeper levels, but never in recoverable quantities.</p><br>
<p>The Greenside Mine worked this vein from some time in the 1700s until reserves were exhausted in 1962. The main entrance was in Glenridding at Lucy’s Tongue, but an exploratory level was driven into the cliffs at the top of Glencoyne, from just below the Miners&#39; Balcony Path. In 1955 this was incorporated into an emergency back exit from the mine. Alfred Wainwright found the hole, but thought it was just a cave.</p><br>
<p>Underlying the andesite lavas of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group are the mudstones of the Skiddaw Group of rocks. These were encountered in the lowest workings of the Greenside Mine, some 3,000 feet (914 m) beneath the surface of the fell. The lead vein the miners were following became barren on encountering these rocks.</p><br>
<h2>Watermillock Common</h2><br>
<p>Watermillock Common (The unenclosed common grazing land of Watermillock parish) is a ridge of high land which rises 1,312 feet(400 m) above Ullswater. It is the end part of one of the long eastern ridges of Stybarrow Dodd, and lies 656 feet (200 m) lower than the Hart Side part of the ridge.</p><br>
<p>Topography: This part of the ridge runs roughly north-east for about 1¾ miles (3 km) from the Brown Hills at the foot of Hart Side. The ridge is drained on its northern and eastern sides by Aira Beck, while its south-eastern slopes drain directly into Ullswater. Aira Beck has cut a steep gorge between Watermillock Common and Gowbarrow Fell, which continues the line of high ground further east.</p><br>
<p>Summits and views: The highest point on Watermillock Common is Swineside Knott (1,814 feet/553 m), a rounded grassy mound but with some rocks protruding, especially on its steep eastern side. Swineside Knott has what has been claimed to be “the most sumptuous view” of Ullswater; certainly it is the most extensive view, from the head of the lake (and the fells on either side of Patterdale beyond that) all the way down to the foot of the lake at Pooley Bridge.</p><br>
<p>Common Fell at 1,811 feet (552 m) is only 3 feet (1 m) lower than Swineside Knott, but is more centrally placed on the ridge and so feels more like its natural summit. It consists of a number of rounded grassy mounds. A small cairn has been built on the highest one, but a remarkable glacial erratic boulder is perched on one of the other mounds. Common Fell gives good views to the north and east.</p><br>
<p>Two lower tops at the east end of the ridge are Round How (1,270 feet/387 m) and Bracken How (1,214 feet/370 m), both rounded grassy mounds punctuated with some rock and with small cairns on top.</p><br>
<p>Ascents: Apart from the lower slopes beside Aira Beck, around Dockray and alongside Ullswater, Watermillock Common is Open Access land. Paths across the common begin from the village of Dockray and from the two car parks on the A5091 road. One writer has claimed the ridge top near Common Fell "can be more of a wade than a walk", but this was not found to be so early in 2014 after an unusually wet winter.</p><br>
<p>Geology: The oldest rocks found on the Watermillock Common ridge occur on the lower south eastern slopes (above Ullswater) where faulting has brought to the present surface an inlier of mudstone from the Tarn Moor Formation, the latest part of the Skiddaw Group.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of the ridge consists of andesite rocks of the Birker Fell Andesite Formation. These rocks are a succession of sheets of andesite lava flows which came from shallow-sided volcanoes. Here and there the map shows beds of volcaniclastic sandstone or breccia, sedimentary deposits formed from the erosion of the volcanic rocks. Around the summit of Common Fell it shows areas of hyaloclastite, a rock made up of shattered angular fragments and formed by the quenching of lava in water. However, smooth grassy turf covers these rocks from view.</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<p>Hart Side takes its name from the fell side, the two English words signifying the hill side frequented by harts.</p><br>
<p>A hart is a fully mature male red deer, at least five years old. The name of the fell is first recorded by the Ordnance Survey in 1867. Panoramas in earlier 19th century guidebooks label the fell as Glen Coin Fell, which may have been an alternative or an earlier name.</p><br>
<p>Green Side also takes its name from the fell side, the two English words being self-explanatory.</p><br>
<p>Watermillock Common was the unenclosed grazing land of the parish of Watermillock, which was incorporated into Matterdale parish in 1934. It lay outside the enclosed Gowbarrow deer park, the wall of which may be seen crossing the hill on its south side.</p><br>
<p>Birkett Fell, previously marked on Ordnance Survey maps of 1867 and 1920 as Nameless Fell was named in 1963 to commemorate Lord Birkett of Ulverston. In 1962, two days before his death, Lord Birkett made his last speech in the House of Lords in which, with the eloquence for which he was famed, he opposed a provision in the Manchester Corporation Bill which would have allowed Ullswater to be made into a reservoir for that city. As a result that provision was voted out of the bill, to the great delight of many who loved the Lake District.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Sandy Bay Mountain, known officially in Quebec as Mont Sandy Stream, is a mountain located on the Canada–United States border, with a height of 950 m above sea level. The northeastern part of the mountain is in Somerset County, Maine, while the southwestern part is in Saint-Ludger, Quebec. There, it is unofficially known as Mont Bélanger.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is flanked to the southeast by Slidedown Mountain.</p><br>
<h3>Hydrography</h3><br>
<p>Sandy Bay Mountain stands on the borders of three major river watersheds. The north side of Sandy Bay Mountain drains into the South Branch of the Penobscot River, then into the West Branch, the main stem of the Penobscot, and into Penobscot Bay. The east side of the mountain drains into the West Branch of Sandy Stream, then into the Moose River, the Kennebec River, and the Gulf of Maine. On its southwest side, the mountain drains into Ruisseau Noir, then into the Rivière du Loup, the Chaudière River, the Saint Lawrence River, and finally the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church Lutheran is a congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America  located at 3244 34th Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Its buildings, a sanctuary with chapel  and an education wing  designed by Finnish-American architects Eliel Saarinen and Eero Saarinen, have been internationally recognized, most recently in 2009 as National Historic Landmark by the U.S Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1911 as part of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, but left in the 1970s as part of a dispute that led to the formation of the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, which in turn was among the founding denominations of the ELCA.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Kristine L. Carlson currently serves as lead pastor, with the Rev. Erik Haaland as associate pastor. The congregation is also served by its cantors, the Rev. Robert Buckley Farlee and the Rev. Martin A. Seltz.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>The International Style worship building was designed by the firm Saarinen and Saarinen, a father and son partnership of Eliel Saarinen (1873–1950) and Eero Saarinen (1910–1961), the project was Eliel Saarinen&#39;s last completed building. The sculptured stone panels were designed by William M. McVey (1922–1976). It was dedicated in 1949, and was acknowledged as an architectural masterpiece from the day it opened. As an early, outstanding example of modern religious architecture in the United States, it was widely published in the architectural, popular, and religious press, and provided inspiration for countless modern churches that were to be built in the 1950s and 1960s. Noted conductor Osmo Vänskä said of the church that "It’s a good place to play. The acoustics are good for music — for chamber music — and it’s a good place for the audience to listen. It’s a place not only for the congregation but also a venue for concerts."</p><br>
<p>The congregation opted to go with the design after finding that their plans for a traditional Gothic Revival building would be too costly. In 1946 a new pastor, Reverend William A. Buege, contacted the elder Saarinen, then the president of the Cranbrook Academy of Art, and convinced him to take the commission. Saarinen had designed the pioneering First Christian Church in Columbus, Indiana in 1941 and used it as a model. It was Eliel Saarinens last building; he died the following year. Upon the churchs opening, Saarinen noted "if a building is honest, the architecture is religious."</p><br>
<p>An addition, the education building (connected by an arcade and interior hallways) was designed under the supervision of Eero Saarinen by his former employee Glen Paulsen, and completed in 1962. By coincidence it was also Eero&#39;s last completed project; he died the year before. The addition is organized around a courtyard and was carefully designed to complement and complete their earlier worship building.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the building was the eighth recipient of the American Institute of Architects Twenty-five Year Award, one of only two places of worship to have been so honored. Notably, it was chosen for this award ahead of Mies van der Rohe&#39;s iconic Farnsworth House, though both buildings were eligible in the same year. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The entire building was named a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service by the Secretary of the Interior on January 16, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Free architecture tours are offered to the public at 11:00 a.m. on the second Sunday of every month. Tours are led by a trained docent from the non-profit Friends of Christ Church Lutheran.</p><br>
<p>The G.H. Bent Company, better known as Bents Cookie Factory, is a business specializing in cookies that has been operating in Milton, Massachusetts, since 1801. Bents also sells a number of other baked goods, including their George and Martha Washington pies . In addition, Bent&#39;s has expanded its menu to include a variety of delicious sandwiches all of which are named after a Milton based theme.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Josiah Bent began selling "water crackers" (biscuits made of flour and water that would not deteriorate during long sea voyages) in 1801 from facilities in Milton. His company later sold the original hardtack crackers used by troops during the Civil War. His grandson, George H. Bent, built the -story wood-frame factory building at 7 Pleasant Street. The top two levels of the factory are where the cookies and other baked goods are made; the storefront is at street level.</p><br>
<p>On February 10, 2000 the G.H. Bent Company Factory was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In April 2001, Senator Ted Kennedy visited G.H. Bent Company to unveil the official National Register plaque and make remarks in honor of the bicentennial of the Bent cracker.</p><br>
<p>A gas explosion at Bent&#39;s in early 2006 blew out all the windows, but the company was up and running again within weeks. In December 2013, Dr. Anamika Twyman-Ghoshal purchased the building and leased operations of the factory and coffee shop back to Sean Christie and Chris Twyman (operating as the Kiwi Bakery, LLC).</p><br>
<p>The Senio is a 92 km river of Romagna in Italy, the final right-sided tributary of the river Reno. The source of the river is in the province of Florence in the Appennino Tosco-Emiliano mountains. The river flows northeast into the province of Ravenna and flows near Casola Valsenio, Riolo Terme, Castel Bolognese, Cotignola, Lugo, Bagnacavallo, Fusignano and Alfonsine before entering the Reno. The river has a tributary called the Sintria that flows into it east of Riolo Terme.</p><br>
<p>The mean discharge at its mouth is about 10 m3/s; however this can vary from a minimum of 0.3 m3/s to a maximum of 500 m3/s.</p><br>
<h2>World War Two</h2><br>
<p>The area was the site of several hard-fought battles in the Spring of 1945, during the last phases of World War II in Europe. The Allied crossing of the River Senio was one of the last hurdles that needed to be overcome in order to capture the great Po Valley basin and so complete the campaign in Italy. The German defenders were mostly elite parachute units and, in the very last days of war in Europe, the British 8th Army took many casualties in effecting this defended river-crossing operation.</p><br>
<p>The Evon Zartman Vogt Ranch House is a historic house in the USA state of New Mexico. It was constructed in 1915, in the foothills of the Zuni Mountains one mile  southeast of Ramah, New Mexico. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 4, 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Evon Zartman Vogt, born in Upper Sandusky, Ohio in 1880. He entered the University of Chicago in 1902, where he became a member of Delta Upsilon fraternity. In his junior year, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, which necessitated a change of climate. Hence, he moved to the Territory of New Mexico and worked on a ranch on the slopes of Mount Taylor, near the railroad town of Grants. After a long vacation in Europe in 1914 he returned to Chicago and married Shirley Bergman, and brought her to their new residence in Ramah, New Mexico. They built their house of sandstone and adobe, raised four children, and as the largest sheep ranchers in New Mexico experienced both fortune and as well as economic privation through the 1920s and 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Evon, known by all as "Skeeter", and by the Navajo as Pesoteaje ("Little Fat Pig"), was the first Custodian of El Morro National Monument, also known as Inscription Rock, 10 miles (16 km) southeast of their ranch. He also founded the first newspaper in that part of New Mexico, the Gallup Gazette (which became the Gallup Independent), was the Master of Ceremonies for many years of the Gallup Ceremonial, and served as Agent for the Ramah Navajo Reservation. Evon died in 1943; his widow, Shirley, maintained the ranch as a guest/dude ranch during the 1950s and lived there until her death in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Vogt Ranch House is still owned and occupied by Evon Vogts direct descendants. His eldest daughter, Barbara Vogt Mallery, wrote an acclaimed book about her parents lives entitled "Bailing Wire and Gamuza" in 2003. The book was awarded one of the "Southwest Books of the Year 2004" by the Arizona Star newspaper. Barbara&#39;s elder brother, Evon Zartman Vogt, Jr. (1918–2004), a noted anthropologist and former Co-Master of Kirkland House at Harvard University, acquired his interest in cultural anthropology thanks to the many local cultures with which the family interacted on a daily basis.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Abdul Kalam Island, formerly known as Wheeler Island, is an island off the coast of Odisha, India, approximately 150 km from the state capital Bhubaneshwar. The Integrated Test Range missile testing facility is located on the island. The island was originally named after English commandant Lieutenant Wheeler. On 4 September 2015, the island was renamed to honour the late Indian president, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Abdul Kalam Island is located in the Bay of Bengal approximately 10 km off the eastern coast of India and about 70 km south of Chandipur in Balasore district, Odisha. The island is about 2 km in length and 390 acre in area. The nearest port is Dhamra Port.</p><br>
<h2>Integrated Test Range</h2><br>
<p>The Integrated Test Range, sometimes referred to as the Interim Test Range, is a missile testing facility composed of two complexes - Launch Complex-IV (LC-IV) located on Abdul Kalam Island and Launch Complex-III (LC-III) located at Chandipur.</p><br>
<p>The Indian government began searching for a suitable location to construct a dedicated military missile test range and begin development of the Agni series of missile in the early 1980s. The DRDO constructed an interim facility adjacent to the Proof and Experimental Establishment (PXE) at Chandipur. In 1986, the Union Government announced plans to construct a National Test Range at Baliapal in Balasore district, the same district as Chandipur. This would have required the government to move 130,000 people out of 130 villages located in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Odisha government allotted Abdul Kalam Island to the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in 1993, following A.P.J. Abdul Kalam&#39;s request for land to build a missile testing facility. Kalam referred to the island as his "Theatre of Action". In 1995, the Government abandoned the plan to move the test range from Chandipur to Baliapal, and instead built a new test site known as Launch Complex-IV at Wheeler Island.</p><br>
<p>Abdul Kalam Island is the missile test facility for most missiles of India; Akash Missiles, Agni Missiles, Astra Missile, BrahMos, Nirbhay, Prahaar Missile, Prithvi Missiles, Shaurya Missile, Advanced Air Defence (AAD), and Prithvi Air Defence.</p><br>
<p>Access to the test facility is by ship, as there is no bridge or airport connecting the island to the mainland. There is a small helipad, but missile airframes and all supplies, construction materials and heavy equipment arrive by ship.</p><br>
<p>The maiden successful test fire of the Prithvi missile was conducted on Wheeler Island on 30 November 1993. At the time, Wheeler Island was uninhabited. Since the construction of the Integrated Test Range, entry to Abdul Kalam Island is restricted for the general public, and only DRDO personnel and Defence Ministry officials are permitted to travel to the island.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>Abdul Kalam Island is located close to the Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary, the worlds largest rookery of the endangered Olive Ridley sea turtles. Abdul Kalam Islands sandy beaches are a favoured nesting location for the turtles. The bright lights installed at the missile testing facility on the island caused some baby turtles to get lost as they were attracted towards the lights. Many baby turtles would fail to find their way to sea, and some died as a result. To protect the turtles, all lights at the facility are dimmed or masked during nesting season, and missile testing is restrained during the turtles&#39; nesting and breeding season.</p><br>
<p>In May 2013, increasing concern has been drawn to the change of the island&#39;s topography, owing to sand erosion. Since the island is technically a shoal, seawater frequently causes sand-shifting. The situation is being monitored by geological experts from National Institute of Ocean Technology and the DRDO.</p><br>
<h2>Abdul Kalam Island launches</h2><br>
<p>Coney Island, alternatively known as Pulau Serangoon, is a 133-hectare island located off the northeastern coast of Singapore within the town of Punggol, between Pulau Ubin to its northeast and the mainland to its southwest.</p><br>
<p>Land reclamation works were carried out on the island from 1975 to the 1990s, as there were plans to build residential buildings on the southern part of the island. The works narrowed the channel between Punggol and the island to 100m. Still, in spite of this small distance, motor launches had to be specially hired to reach the island until the opening of Coney Island Park, linked to the main island by two bridges on its western and eastern ends.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>In an 1825 survey of the coastal areas around Singapore by Crawfurd, Forrester, Lt. Jackson and Dr Johnson, Rabbit and Coney (European rabbit) islets were mentioned.</p><br>
<p>An anonymous writer who wrote the Singapore Chronicle article noted on the sighting of the two islets, namely Rabbit and Coney that:</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Formerly known as Pulau Serangoon (English: Serangoon Island), the island was once owned by entrepreneur siblings Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par, before being sold to an Indian businessman, Ghulam Mahmood, in 1950 with the intention of turning the island into a resort modelled after the amusement park at Coney Island, New York.</p><br>
<p>The resort was opened in 1951, complete with a dance hall, restaurant and bar and seaside accommodation. In 1954, the island was put up for auction just 3 years after the resort was opened and in 1972, the Singapore government bought Coney Island from a Thai businessman and planned to carry out land reclamation works with tentative plans to develop the island into a recreational venue with chalets, a beach and a marina. The land reclamation works begun in 1975, increasing the area of the island from 32 hectare to 62 hectare. Further land reclamation works were carried out during the 1990s with plans to build a 50-hectare park together with the development of Punggol New Town.</p><br>
<p>The Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) said that under the Master Plan, a part of Coney Island was zoned for residential, sport and recreational use but as the land is not immediately required for development, a part of Coney Island would be kept as an interim park for the time being. The rest of the island was zoned for park use. On 11 October 2015, Coney Island Park opened to the public, with a beach stretching 2 km and a 2.4 km long path that is part of the park connector network. The offshore island of Pulau Serangoon (Coney Island), was formerly part of the Changi SMC from 1951 to 1997, then subsumed into East Coast GRC (Siglap division) from 1997 to 2015 before transferring to Pasir Ris-Punggol GRC after the growth of Punggol.</p><br>
<h2>Activities and facilities</h2><br>
<p>Coney Island is also a popular place for jet skiing and camping. However, this has led to the beaches being polluted by litter such as discarded cans, instant noodle packets and bottles.</p><br>
<h3>Coney Island Park</h3><br>
<p>Managed by the National Parks Board, the 50 hectare nature park is home to a wide variety of habitats, including coastal forests, grasslands and mangroves. The park was officially opened by the Transport Minister and Co-ordinating Minister for Infrastructure, Khaw Boon Wan in 2015. During its first year of operation, a free-ranging Brahman cow was frequently sighted in the area.</p><br>
<h3>Scouting</h3><br>
<p>The island was proposed as the main venue to host the 23rd World Scout Jamboree, as part of a defeated bid by the Singapore Scout Association.</p><br>
<p>The Delamater-Bevin Mansion, also known as The Bevin House, is a historic 22-room Victorian mansion on the north shore of Long Island within the Incorporated Village of Asharoken, New York. The estate is on the Eatons Neck landmass on the edge of Duck Island Harbor, an inlet of Northport Bay, off of Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home was built by Cornelius Henry DeLamater in 1862 in French Second Empire architectural style, and was originally known as Vermland. DeLamater, who owned over 1,000 acre of Eatons Neck, was the owner of the DeLamater Iron Works located in NYC where W. 13th St meets the Hudson River. The turret, engines, and weaponry on the Ironclad "Monitor" were built by DeLamaters foundry under the direction of noted marine engineer John Ericsson. DeLamater named his summer estate "Vermland" after the Swedish province where Ericsson was born as the two men were best of friends and inseparable. After DeLamaters death on February 7, 1889, his Eatons Neck estate was inherited by his wife Ruth Oakley Caller DeLamater, who died on December 7, 1894 leaving the estate to their daughter Laura DeLamater Bevin. Over time, the house gradually became known as "The Bevin House." Laura DeLamater Bevin died on March 4, 1920 and her son Sydney Bevin inherited the property.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the exiled French writer and pioneering aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupéry rented The Bevin House, which is where he wrote much of the well-known children&#39;s book The Little Prince during late 1942.</p><br>
<p>On May 29, 1960 Sydney Bevin died, and The Bevin House was sold to Charles William Foesell in 1964. In 1979 the estate was purchased by real estate developer Nikos Kefalidis, who commissioned an extensive restoration of the mansion. Kefalidis was killed in the crash of Swiss Air 111 on September 2, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Delamater-Bevin Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Carrollton Manor was a 17,000 acre  tract of land in Frederick County, Maryland which extended from the Potomac River on the south, Catoctin Mountain to the west, the Monocacy River to the east, and Ballenger Creek to the north. It included the towns of Lime Kiln, Buckeystown, Adamstown, Doubs, Licksville, Tuscarora and Point of Rocks.</p><br>
<p>Charles Carroll of Annapolis granted the entire estate to his son, Charles Carroll of Carrollton. It is from this tract of land that he took his title, "Charles Carroll of Carrollton." While Charles Carroll of Carrollton never lived on Carrollton Manor, he erected a manor house there, Tuscarora, where he spent a few days or weeks at a time. The eldest daughter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton married Richard Caton and was the mother of the "three American graces" who married British noble men: the eldest, Marianne, marrying the Marquess Wellesley, K.G., a brother of the 1st Duke of Wellington; the second, Louisa Catherine, first to Sir Felton Hervey-Bathurst, 1st Baronet and later the 7th Duke of Leeds; and the third, Elizabeth, the 8th Lord Stafford. These titled ladies continued for years to retain possession of portions of the manor and to collect large rental revenue from the estate&#39;s many fertile farms. The manor house was the home of his favorite granddaughter, Marianne Caton, and her husband, Robert Patterson.</p><br>
<p>The house is a large three story mansion of late Georgian architecture, built of native limestone around 1764, situated in Adamstown, Maryland. Originally the mansion had 14 rooms; more were added later until there were 21. The walls are twenty-four inches thick, the floors are oak and many doors still have the original latches. Partitions through most of the house are solid brick. Beyond the wide front door is a rectangular reception hall with access to the rooms. There are twin drawing rooms and a stairway that sweeps from the basement to the attic. Each room has its own fireplace. The manor house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The manor hummed with industry in the early 19th century with mills operated by water power built on the Monocacy River to grind grain. Wheat supplanted tobacco in Carroll&#39;s agricultural policy. Kilns were established to burn lime to fertilize the fields.</p><br>
<p>The Pattersons lived at Tuscarora only a few years. When cholera broke out in the neighborhood, they fled to Baltimore, Maryland, but Mr. Patterson died a few days later. After Mr. Patterson’s death, Tuscarora was occupied by tenants. The Manor was reduced in size by being divided into small farms until only about two thousand acres (8 km²) remained.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the estate was deeded to his descendants. Since the heirs of Charles Carroll were scattered over the world, they employed agents or overseers to look after their interests. Soon most of Carrollton Manor had been sold or leased. Among the large purchasers was Louis McMurray, who was the first to start the corn canning industry in Frederick County. He also canned peas and other vegetables. Two large canning plants were located on Carrollton Manor, one at Buckeystown, Maryland, controlled by the Baker Brothers, the other at Adamstown controlled by the Thomas Brothers.</p><br>
<p>Careless tenants neglected and abused Tuscarora. Turkeys were raised in a bedroom, hogs in the basement and cured hams dripped from the attic. The descendants held Carrollton Manor as absentee landlords until around 1923 when it was bought by the Baker family. About 1949 two of the original farms of the Manor were sold to Mr. & Mrs. Pascal Renn. They made extensive improvements to Tuscarora and furnished it with antiques and reproductions of the colonial period. It was thrown open for a Garden Pilgrimage in 1953. Surprisingly the banisters and stairway survived and the woodwork was in good condition and the cupboards, inner window shutters and doors stayed in place. In the 1950s, the Renns sold the farm to Eastalco, which erected a large aluminum plant on the farm. Tuscarora is still standing and is used by Eastalco&#39;s successor owner, Alcoa as guest house and meeting center.</p><br>
<p>There is also a in Anne Arundel County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>Rock Lake is a lake in Southeast Wisconsin, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rock Lake is in south central Wisconsin, at Lake Mills, Wisconsin in Jefferson County, Wisconsin approximately 20 mi east of Madison. It is 87 ft at its deepest point.</p><br>
<p>The lake shape resembles a slight figure eight with several distinct areas. South of the figure eight portion of the lake lies Bean Lake State natural area which is a protected marsh. Part of the south western part of the figure eight is usually covered in tall aquatic vegetation that reach out of the water. In the north western portion of the figure eight there is a sand bar which often has boats anchored and is swimming accessible.</p><br>
<p>The Glacial Drumlin State Trail runs across an old rail road bridge across the southern portion of the lake. The trail separates the lake from the marsh area to the south of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Mounds</h2><br>
<p>Rock Lake is perhaps most famous for its underwater "pyramids" believed by some to be built by the Aztalan natives at a time when water levels were much lower.</p><br>
<p>Mounds shaped like pyramids exist three miles (5 km) east of Rock Lake in Aztalan State Park on the Crawfish River in the town of Aztalan, Wisconsin. The park has National Landmark Status. The mounds are thought to have been built by the Mississippian culture and it is speculated that the site at Aztalan was a northern outpost of Cahokia, a much larger city in present-day Illinois not far from St. Louis, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>The waters of Rock Lake have been referred to as "Tyranena", (Tie-ra-nee-na). That name has persisted in the area and is used by businesses, road names, and a park that is on the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Beaches</h2><br>
<p>There are two public beaches Bartel&#39;s beach, and Sandy Beach; both are located in the south eastern portion of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Pike, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, rock bass, pumpkinseed, bluegill, sunfish and walleye can be found in Rock Lake.</p><br>
<p>Shade Creek is a tributary of Stonycreek River in Somerset County, Pennsylvania in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Shade Creek, formed by the confluence of Dark Shade and Clear Shade creeks approximately 1.9 miles (3.1 km) downstream of the community of Cairnbrook, flows for 9.5 miles (15.3 km) to join the Stonycreek River at the community of Seanor.</p><br>
<h2>Dark Shade Creek</h2><br>
<p>Dark Shade Creek joins Clear Shade Creek, approximately 1.9 miles (3.1 km) downstream of the community of Cairnbrook, to form Shade Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Clear Shade Creek</h2><br>
<p>Clear Shade Creek flows through Forbes State Forest, east of Windber, before joining Dark Shade Creek, approximately 1.9 miles (3.1 km) downstream of the community of Cairnbrook, to form Shade Creek.</p><br>
<p>The Divine Lorraine Hotel, also known as the Lorraine Apartments, stands at the corner of Broad Street and Fairmount Avenue in North Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Designed by architect Willis G. Hale and built between 1892 and 1894, the building originally functioned as apartments, housing some of Philadelphia&#39;s wealthy residents. Lorraine Apartments was one of the most luxurious and best preserved late 19th-century apartment houses in Philadelphia. In 1900 the building became the Lorraine Hotel when the Metropolitan Hotel Company purchased the apartments. Later it would become the first hotel in Philadelphia to be racially integrated under Father Divine.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was abandoned and deteriorated, with graffiti all over the walls, broken windows, and crumbling stone. On September 16, 2015, a massive renovation project was begun, one of the City of Philadelphia&#39;s massive reconstruction projects between 2015-2035.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Both the location of the building and the architecture itself reflect the changes that were occurring rapidly in the city of Philadelphia and in the country at the time. North Philadelphia of the 1880s attracted many of the city&#39;s nouveau-riche, those individuals who became wealthy as a result of the Industrial Revolution. The Lorraine was a place of luxurious living, providing apartments with new amenities such as electricity. In addition, the building boasted its own staff, eliminating the need for residents to have private servants. There was also a central kitchen from which meals were delivered to residents.</p><br>
<p>The Lorraine Apartments were also an architectural feat. Prior to this period, the majority of Philadelphia&#39;s buildings were low rise, generally being no more than three or four stories tall. Not only were construction materials and techniques not capable of supporting taller buildings, but the inconvenience of the many flights of stairs to get to higher floors in the absence of an elevator was significant.</p><br>
<p>The Lorraine, at ten stories tall, was one of the first high-rise apartment buildings in the city. The building&#39;s architect, Willis G. Hale, also designed an earlier high-rise apartment building at 22nd and Chestnut Streets, which stood from 1889 until its demolition in 1945. Hale designed many other buildings around the city, but quickly fell out of favor at the turn of the century when most patrons rejected his highly stylized Victorian designs for the sleeker style of modern skyscrapers, and most of his landmarks had been torn down after the Great Depression.</p><br>
<h2>Father Divine and the Universal Peace Mission Movement</h2><br>
<p>In 1948, the building was sold to Father Divine (Reverend Major Jealous Divine) for $485,000. Father Divine was the leader of the Universal Peace Mission Movement. After purchasing the building, Father Divine renamed it the Divine Lorraine Hotel. His hotel was the first of its class in Philadelphia, or indeed in the United States, to be fully racially integrated. The Divine Lorraine was open to all races and religions, men and women who were willing to follow the rules of the movement. Among others, the rules included no smoking, no drinking, no profanity, and no undue mixing of the sexes, with men and women residing on different floors of the building. Additionally, guests and residents were expected to uphold a certain level of modesty, meaning that women were expected to wear long skirts - pants were not allowed. Believing that all people were equal in the sight of God, Father Divine was involved in many social welfare activities as well. For example, after purchasing the hotel, several parts of it were transformed for public use. The 10th-floor auditorium was converted to a place of worship. The movement also opened the kitchen on the first floor as a public dining room where persons from the community were able to purchase and eat low-cost meals for 25 cents.</p><br>
<p>The Divine Lorraine received a historical marker from the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in 1994 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 as a site significant in terms of both architectural and civil rights history.</p><br>
<h2>Abandonment</h2><br>
<p>The building was closed in 1999 and sold in 2000 by the International Peace Mission. In May 2006 it was resold to Lorraine Hotel LP. to be converted into apartments. Development never came to fruition but furnishings were sold while floors, paneling, and other architectural items were removed by salvage companies. The building was reduced to a hollow shell, covered with graffiti, with windows boarded up or open to the weather.</p><br>
<p>The Universal Peace Mission Movement still exists in the form of a network of independent churches, businesses, and religious orders. Its followers operated another hotel, the Divine Tracy in West Philadelphia, but the building also was sold. It is now the Axis Apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>In October 2012 the property was transferred to developer Eric Blumenfeld at the citys monthly Sheriffs sale, with Blumenfeld being the sole bidder. He gained control of the site in a two-step process: first, for an undisclosed price, he paid an outstanding note on the property from the New York-based Amalgamated Bank. Then he paid off city taxes and other liens. The value of both the mortgage and liens was $8,054,104.39.</p><br>
<p>In February 2015 the developer announced renovation plans to convert the building into rental units with restaurants on the ground level pending closing on financing. As of May 2015 construction lighting was installed in the empty hotel and Procida Funding & Advisors agreed to lend $31.5M USD in construction funding. In August the Philadelphia Historical Commission approved the plans which will restore the building to its 1933 appearance. As of June 2016 a new rooftop "Divine Lorraine" sign had been installed and some interior apartments were nearing completion. In the fall of 2017 renovations have almost been completed and EB Realty Management has already rented out 25 of the 77 available units in this historic building</p><br>
<p>Mount Elden or Elden Mountain  is located in central Coconino County northeast of Flagstaff, Arizona. It takes its name from one of the regions earliest Anglo settlers, John Elden, who, along with his family, established a homestead on the mountain’s lower slopes and grazed sheep on the open grasslands below during the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The mountain’s exposed, rocky slopes are a dominant feature from almost any part of the city of Flagstaff, rising steeply nearly 2,400 ft to an elevation of 9,301 ft. Much of the vegetation on the southern and southeastern slopes of the mountain was destroyed by the human-caused Radio Fire in 1977 which burned 4,600 acres.</p><br>
<p>Despite its rugged appearance, steep relief, and nearly 15 square miles of surface area, Mount Elden is easily accessible via an extensive, well-developed road and non-motorized trail system that is part of the Coconino National Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Elden is one of five large peripheral silicic volcanic features within the greater San Francisco Peaks volcanic system (part of the San Francisco volcanic field) which include the nearby Dry Lake Hills, the Hochderffer and White Horse Hills to the northwest, and O&#39;Leary Peak to the northeast. Because these features developed within close proximity of the San Francisco Mountain strato-volcano there is a strong likelihood that each is a geologic subsidiary of the larger mountain.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, Mount Elden is a lava dome composed almost entirely of dacitic lava flows which emerged from several vents. These features emerged as intrusive emplacements within sedimentary blocks or as viscous extrusive flows in which the younger flows partially covered the older, lower flows. Geologic evidence suggests that the eruption of the mountain, which occurred at linear vents along regional faults, was a non-explosive event that took place during several flow sequences. Likewise, because of the high viscosity of the dacite, it is likely that the mountain formed in the short period of a few months&#39; time. The mountain’s overlapping flows commonly take lobe-like shapes which display a variety of flow characteristics and features including concentric benches, spires, ramping shear fractures, longitudinal tension fractures, and conjugate shear fractures.</p><br>
<p>Positioned within the central part of Mount Elden, on the mountain’s eastern and northwestern flanks, are two sedimentary blocks. Both of these blocks display characteristics of uplift that most likely occurred as dacitic magma intruded into the sedimentary strata at a shallow depth and uplifted the layers, causing them to dip away from the mountain. These blocks of sedimentary material are unique to the mountain, which otherwise is uniformly composed of silicic dacite.</p><br>
<p>Knott Rigg is a fell at the head of the Newlands Valley in the English Lake District. It is situated some 8.5 kilometres south west of Keswick and has a modest height of 556 metres . Its name is derived from the Old English language and means “hill on a knobbly ridge”. Because of its moderate height, the fell fails to be listed on any significant hill lists but it does merit a separate chapter in Alfred Wainwright’s Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Knott Rigg is located on a four kilometre long ridge, which springs from Rigg Beck in the Newlands valley midway along its length and runs south westerly to conclude at Newlands Hause. The ridge also contains the adjoining fell of Ard Crags which stands 1.5 kilometres north east of Knott Rigg; both fells are usually climbed in combination with each other. Knott Rigg is steep sided, with the western flank falling away to the valley of Sail Beck, while the eastern side descends to the minor road between Keswick and Buttermere in the Newlands valley. The fell is best viewed from Newlands Hause, where it is seen as a sharp conical peak (although the highest point is not in view), or from Buttermere, from where a complete picture of the fell is seen (although it is rather distant).</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Ard Crags ridge is an example of the Buttermere Formation, an olistostrome of disrupted, sheared and folded mudstone, siltstone and sandstone. There are minor intrusions of basalt on Knott Rigg.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The easiest ascent of Knott Rigg is started from the car park at Newlands Hause (grid reference ). This gives the advantage of starting at a height of 333 metres, giving an easy vertical ascent of just over 200 metres. An alternative start can be made from further down the Newlands valley, either at Keskadale Farm or Rigg Beck. The latter route goes over Ard Crags first before continuing to Knott Rigg.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The view from the summit is severely restricted by the surrounding higher hills of the Coledale and Buttermere Fells. However, there is a view to the east in the arc between Causey Pike and High Spy, which reveals views of the Skiddaw and Helvellyn ranges.</p><br>
<p>The Leibi is a tributary of the Danube in the district of Neu-Ulm, Bavaria, Germany. The source of the Leibi is in the west of an industrial area in Weißenhorn. The river is 21.9 km long.</p><br>
<p>At first the Leibi crosses the industrial area from South to North and the fields north of it. Then the river briefly turns west along a forest area. After that it flows again to north, past the hamlet Hirbishofen (a part of Pfaffenhofen an der Roth), Holzheim and Steinheim (part of the city of Neu-Ulm). Afterwards the Leibi flows twice under the Bundesautobahn 7 and changes its way to northeast. The river traverses a part of Nersingen also named Leibi and flows finally, after a few hundred meters through the forest Auwald, into the Danube.</p><br>
<p>The Sonoma Mountains are a northwest-southeast trending mountain range of the Inner Coast Ranges in the California Coast Ranges System, located in Sonoma County, Northern California.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Sonoma Mountains range is approximately fourteen miles (22.5 km) long. It separates the Sonoma Creek watershed from the Petaluma River and Tolay Creek watersheds. The highest point of this range is Sonoma Mountain, elevation 2,287 ft.</p><br>
<p>Jack London State Historic Park, Crane Creek Regional Park, and the Fairfield Osborn Preserve are both on Sonoma Mountain. A number of threatened and endangered species are found in the Sonoma Mountains including the fragrant fritillary (Fritillaria liliacea).</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Many creeks rise in the Sonoma Mountains. From the northwestern slopes, Copeland Creek and Hinebaugh Creek flow to the Laguna de Santa Rosa, eventually entering the Pacific Ocean just south of Jenner, California. Matanzas Creek and Spring Creek flow north into Santa Rosa Creek, another tributary of the Laguna.</p><br>
<p>Tributaries of Sonoma Creek rise on the eastern exposures of the Sonoma Mountains: Yulupa Creek, Carriger Creek, Graham Creek, Felder Creek, and Rogers Creek. These eventually enter San Pablo Bay south of Sonoma, California.</p><br>
<p>The southwestern slopes drain to San Pablo Bay by other routes: either Tolay Creek or else some tributary of the Petaluma River such as Lichau Creek, Lynch Creek, or Adobe Creek.</p><br>
<p>North Fork Mountain is a quartzite-capped mountain ridge in the Ridge and Valley physiographic province of the Allegheny Mountains  of eastern West Virginia, USA. Kile Knob, at 4,588 feet , is the mountain&#39;s highest point, and Panther Knob and Pike Knob are nearly as high.</p><br>
<p>North Fork Mountain is the driest high mountain in the Appalachians,</p><br>
<p>Structurally, North Fork Mountain is an anticline mountain, a major part of the Wills Mountain Anticline system. The mountains strata (rock layers) are nearly flat, but the Tuscarora quartzite that forms the mountains caprock is bent downwards (and now mostly eroded away) east and west of the ridge, becoming nearly vertical along the mountain&#39;s slopes, where the same quartzite stratum forms such dramatic outcrops as Seneca Rocks.</p><br>
<p>Much of the mountain is within the Monongahela National Forest, and a large portion of the mountain has been proposed for federal wilderness designation or inclusion within a new unit of USA National Park System. The Nature Conservancy&#39;s Panther Knob and Pike Knob preserves are also located on North Fork Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The scenic North Fork Mountain Trail follows much of the ridge crest, and only one road (USA Route 33) crosses the steep, rugged ridge.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>North Fork Mountain runs roughly northeast to southwest for 34 mi throughout Grant and Pendleton Counties in West Virginia. It separates the South Branch of the Potomac River watershed from that of the North Fork of the South Branch of the Potomac River. It also forms the western edge of Smoke Hole Canyon, a portion of the South Branch popular with boaters.</p><br>
<p>The north end of the mountain arises abruptly along the south side of North Fork Gap, a water gap along the North Fork river and West Virginia Route 28 near Cabins, west of Petersburg. The mountain continues southwest from there to Dry Run Gap in southern Pendleton County.</p><br>
<p>North Fork Mountain reaches its highest elevation (4,588 feet, or 1,398 m) at Kile Knob. and Pike Knob, both having nature preserves owned and managed by The Nature Conservancy.</p><br>
<p>Today there are no settlements on the mountain itself — except, arguably, Monkeytown on the western slopes. There are however numerous scattered homes and vacation rental cabins on the mountain. Future Generations Graduate School&#39;s main campus is located at the top of the ridgeline near USA Route 33, the only major road that crosses the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>North Fork Mountain is part of the Wills Mountain Anticline, a geological structure that extends from Pennsylvania through Maryland and West Virginia into Virginia. The same geologic ridge that forms North Fork Mountain is known as New Creek Mountain north of North Fork Gap. At North Fork&#39;s southern end, the ridge fragments into Devils Backbone, Brushy Mountain, and Monterey Mountain, with Snowy Mountain being a minor continuation into Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Tuscarora quartzite (or sandstone), a layer of erosion-resistant Silurian rock only about 50 ft thick, the major ridge-forming stratum in eastern West Virginia, caps most of North Fork Mountain, often as a broad, slightly eastward-tilted slab, forming numerous west-facing cliffs and various larger outcrops such as Chimney Top and Harmon Rocks. Immediately west of the mountain, the same quartzite formation is nearly vertical, along the western limb of the anticline, forming such dramatic outcrops as Seneca Rocks, Champe Rocks, Nelson Rocks, and Judy Rocks. This series of vertical outcrops is part of a formation known as the River Knobs or East Seneca Ridge.</p><br>
<p>The lower, western slopes of the mountain and the adjacent Germany Valley are underlain by the easily eroded Ordovician-aged New Market Limestone and are penetrated by numerous caves, such as the celebrated Hellhole. Shales occur on some of North Fork Mountain&#39;s slopes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Scattered family homesteads existed on the east slope of North Fork Mountain throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. These few early settlers were of English, German or Dutch stock and constituted a community known as "Smoke Hole", named for the gorge to the east of the Mountain. None of these smallholders owned slaves, a fact that determined their Unionist sentiments during the American Civil War and brought them into sometimes violent conflict with surrounding communities during that time. Rohrbaugh Cabin (or Allegheny Cabin), a log cabin built about 1880, still stands on the eastern slope, among various related structures. (It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.) The steeper western slopes have, with few exceptions, always been uninhabited. Most of the forests on the North Fork Mountain were cut for timber in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>Much of North Fork Mountain has been included in the Monongahela National Forest, established in 1911. Panther Knob, near the south end of North Fork Mountain, was first explored botanically by P.A. Rydberg of the New York Botanical Garden in 1926. He was astonished by the similarity of the mountaintop to the Pine Barrens of New Jersey, especially the presence of the beach heather (Hudsonia tomentosa). Botanist Paul J. Harmon studied the flora of the entire length of North Fork Mountain&#39;s ridgetop, presenting his findings in 1981.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, a local "character" and moonshiner — Cal Nelson — lived on the western slopes of the Mountain. "Nelson Sods" and the "Cal Nelson Trail" (former name of a portion of the North Fork Mountain Trail) are his namesakes. His colorful — sometimes outrageous — story is told in Bardon Shreve&#39;s book, A Place Called Smoke Hole.</p><br>
<p>In March 1930, after an unusually mild and dry winter, an epochal forest fire ravaged North Fork Mountain consuming most of the undergrowth and smaller trees. Fire covered almost the entire Mountain and was only extinguished by rainfall after 11 days. This dramatic event motivated the Forest Service to organize a more effective program of fire suppression on the Mountain: fire wardens were hired, a 90-foot steel fire tower was built on Pike Knob, and surveillance was undertaken 24 hours per day during the fire season. Over the next few years, local men were recruited, even compelled, to form quick-response, fire-fighting teams, but deep resentments were created. Many locals — "Smoke Holers" who lived on the gentler-sloping east side of the Mountain — blamed the Forest Service program for the deterioration in the quality of forage needed by their free-ranging swine and sheep and for the decline in the huckleberry patches. Locals surreptitiously started the next (and last) significant fire on the Mountain in the spring of 1941. Suppression efforts succeeded only after five days of hard work and about ten square miles of woodland were burned. The mostly unemployed local men fighting the fire happily accepted their wages though they all knew the true cause of the conflagration. The foundations of the Pike Knob tower, together with the ruins of the watchman&#39;s cabin nearby, can still be seen today.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the early 1980s, The Nature Conservancy has become increasingly involved in habitat conservation on North Fork Mountain, working cooperatively with the Forest Service and with various private landowners, as well as establishing preserves on Panther Knob and on Pike Knob.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>The forests on North Fork Mountain consists mainly of mixed oaks and other hardwoods, along with mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), and wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens). Pines (Pinus) are frequent along the ridgecrest, especially just back of clifftop openings. Fern beds and various wildflowers are common on the mountain&#39;s slopes. The mountain also supports a few high-elevation mountain meadows (sods), such as Nelson Sods near Pike Knob.</p><br>
<p>The exposed sandstone cliff edges so characteristic of the west side of North Fork Mountain support narrow zones of persistingly open, treeless habitat characterized by several unusual or regionally endemic plant species, including the silvery nailwort (Paronychia argyrocoma) and the white alumroot (Heuchera alba). Chestnut oak (Quercus montana) and Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens) are often found just back of the cliff edges.</p><br>
<p>Pine barrens, maintained by frequent fires, cover several peaks; The Monongahela National Forest has designated 10 acre of old growth red pine forest on the mountain as the North Fork Mountain Red Pine Botanical Area.</p><br>
<p>Another unusual vegetation type on North Fork Mountain is an elfin forest dominated by yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), mountain ash (Sorbus americana), and mountain holly.</p><br>
<p>The oak-and-pine vegetation of North Fork Mountain contrasts strongly with the more diverse vegetation of the nearby mountains just west of the North Fork River, such as Spruce Mountain and the Allegheny Front, which receive considerably more rainfall. The lower slopes of those mountains are covered by mixed Appalachian hardwood forests dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum), beech (Fagus grandifolia), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), with red spruce (Picea rubens) abundant at higher elevations. Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri) occurs on the slopes of the Allegheny Front, becoming abundant westward, but is not known from North Fork Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The contrast is also great between North Fork Mountains quartzite-outcrop vegetation and the superficially similar vegetation of the rocky sandstone-conglomerate openings of Spruce Knob, Dolly Sods, and similar sites just west of North Fork Mountain. While North Fork Mountains lesser rainfall is a substantial factor in this difference, another consideration is the nature of the bedrock itself. North Fork Mountain&#39;s fine-grained Tuscarora quartzite erodes into sand, which either quickly disperses or persists in cracks and crevices, sometimes even forming tiny dunelets on wide, nearly flat open outcrops, as on Panther Knob. On the other hand, the various mountains along the Allegheny Front immediately west of North Fork Mountain are capped instead by the coarse Pottsville sandstone conglomerate, which erodes instead primarily into gravel rather than sand. While many widespread Appalachian rock-outcrop species are shared between the two areas, openings on Dolly Sods lack the silvery nailwort, the white alumroot, and table-mountain pine, and instead support a greater species diversity, even including such wetland plants as the small cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos).</p><br>
<p>Paper birch (Betula papyrifera) groves thrive along Little Creek and on Pike Knob. This widespread northern tree is quite rare this far south. Other rare plant species on the mountain&#39;s slopes include butternut (Juglans cinerea), Smoke Hole bergamot (Monarda fistulosa var. brevis), Appalachian oak fern (Gymnocarpium appalachianum), Allegheny onion (Allium alleghaniense), and American chestnut.</p><br>
<p>Pike Knob supports not only extensive red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands but also various Appalachian-endemic species such as rusty woodsia (Woodsia ilvensis), as well as boreal species such as the three-toothed cinquefoil (Sibbaldiopsis tridentata) and the bristly rose (Rosa acicularis), here at its southernmost known stand.</p><br>
<p>The cliff-skirted 4,508 ft summit of Panther Knob supports the worlds largest population of variable sedge (Carex polymorpha), a fire-dependent globally vulnerable plant. Beach heather (Hudsonia tomentosa), typically found on coastal dunes, and Michauxs saxifrage (Saxifraga michauxii), a Southern Appalachian rock-outcrop endemic, also occur there.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Wildlife on North Fork Mountain includes whitetail deer, wild turkey, black bear, Coyotes, bobcats, gray foxes, timber rattlesnakes, eastern newts, and a variety of other bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species.</p><br>
<p>Two USA Fish and Wildlife Service Species of Concern are found on North Fork Mountain, the peregrine falcon and the Allegheny woodrat. Golden eagles are also known there. Various locally abundant but globally rare species of bats that roost in nearby limestone caverns are also often seen foraging over North Fork Mountain&#39;s western slopes. The pink-edged sulphur butterfly is known from Panther Knob, Its caterpillars feed on the blueberries that thrive atop this knob after fires.</p><br>
<h2>Scenery and recreation</h2><br>
<p>Spectacular views westward overlooking the North Fork River abound from many of North Fork Mountain&#39;s rocky outcrops. Places visible to the west from points on the ridgetop may include the River Knobs (including Seneca Rocks and Champe Rocks), the Germany Valley, the Fore Knobs, Hopeville Gorge, Spruce Mountain and Spruce Knob, and the Allegheny Front. Backpacker Magazine described these views as some of “the best mountain scenery in the East."</p><br>
<p>North Fork Mountain and the River Knobs feature prominently in views from the mountaintops immediately west of the North Fork Valley, including Spruce Knob and Dolly Sods.</p><br>
<p>Nelson Sods on North Fork Mountain has views of the Roaring Plains, Spruce Mountain, and the North Fork Valley, as well as Shenandoah Mountain to the east. Similar views are also offered by other open summits on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>State Route 28 follows the North Fork River from North Fork Gap south to Cherry Grove, offering diverse views of the River Knobs and North Fork Mountain to the east and the Fore Knobs, Allegheny Front, and Spruce Mountain to the west.</p><br>
<p>The Germany Valley Overlook on USA 33, on the west side of North Fork Mountain near Judy Gap, offers views of the Germany Valley and North Fork Valley, the River Knobs and the Fore Knobs, Spruce Mountain and Spruce Knob, and the Allegheny Front extending northwards toward Dolly Sods, as well as a view back to the sandstone cliffs along the crest of North Fork Mountain itself.</p><br>
<p>Panther Knob is easily viewed from the west from Snowy Mountain Road south of Cherry Grove. Other views of Seneca Rocks and North Fork Mountain are offered by USA 33 as it descends the Allegheny Front approaching Seneca Rocks, and by SR 28 approaching Cherry Grove from the southwest. North Fork Gap and the eastern sides of North Fork and New Creek mountains may be seen from SR 28 west of Petersburg, with the Dolly Sods portion of the Allegheny Front visible beyond the gap.</p><br>
<p>The 23.8-mile-long North Fork Mountain Trail (NFMT) follows much of the crest of the northern portion of the mountain. The trail&#39;s southern terminus is where USA Route 33 crosses the ridge and the northern terminus is on Smoke Hole Road, near the top of the canyon. This trail was called the best trail in West Virginia by Outside magazine. Much of the southern portion of the trail crosses private property. While hiking is generally permitted, hunting and bikes are not.</p><br>
<h2>Variant names</h2><br>
<p>North Fork Mountain is also widely referred to as North Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Kenmore, also known as Kenmore Plantation, is a plantation house at 1201 Washington Avenue in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Built in the 1770s, it was the home of Fielding and Betty Washington Lewis and is the only surviving structure from the 1,300 acre Kenmore plantation. Betty was the sister of George Washington, the first president of the United States.</p><br>
<p>The house is architecturally notable for the remarkable decorative plaster work on the ceilings of many rooms on the first floor. In 1970 the property was declared a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Kenmore is owned and operated as a house museum by The George Washington Foundation (formerly George Washington&#39;s Fredericksburg Foundation), and is open daily for guided tours. The Foundation also owns nearby Ferry Farm, where George Washington lived as a child.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was completed in 1776 for Fielding and Betty Washington Lewis, the sister of George Washington. He was a planter and successful merchant in town. Their plantation grew tobacco, wheat, and corn by the labor of slaves. More than 80 slaves worked on the 1300-acre plantation, including a number of domestic slaves. The mansion&#39;s rear frontage was oriented to the Rapahannock River for easy transportation access.</p><br>
<p>Bettys mother Mary Ball Washington was buried on the grounds, which she had liked to visit. Lewis descendants sold the house and property in 1797 after Betty Washington Lewis death. A memorial was erected in 1894 at the Mary Ball Washington gravesite.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Gordon family purchased the property in 1819. They named it Kenmore for the home of their ancestors in Scotland. Other nineteenth century owners restored the plaster ceilings.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the plantation house and outbuildings were used as a makeshift Union military hospital after the Battle of the Wilderness in 1864. It was also used by federal troops on their way to Richmond at the close of the war.</p><br>
<p>In 1922 the Kenmore Foundation bought the property and began plans to preserve it. Two flanking dependencies were reconstructed. The landscaping was restored in 1924 by Charles F. Gillette.</p><br>
<p>Today the house and reconstructed dependencies stand on three acres of ground at 1201 Washington Avenue. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970. It is included in the Washington Avenue Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Aakenustunturi is a fell in Lapland in northern Finland. It has an elevation of 570 meters and is located near Mount Ylläs and the resort of Kittilä.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fell has had two fatal airplane crashes during the World War II</p><br>
<p>On 24 February 1943, a Junkers Ju 52 of the German Luftwaffe was shot down and crashed into the fell.</p><br>
<p>Later, during the Lapland War, Air Force Captain Paavo Kahla, a Knight of the Mannerheim Cross and Sergeant Jouko Liinamaa went missing on a reconnaissance flight on October 23, 1944. Their remains were found by a reindeer herder, alongside their shot down Fokker C.X in spring 1945.</p><br>
<h2>Landscape</h2><br>
<p>The fell is considered a wild oasis between the fells in the north and is a popular destination for hikers. In December 2004, the fell was incorporated into the Pallas-Yllästunturi National Park.</p><br>
<p>Aavasaksa is a sharp-edged hill in Ylitornio municipality in Finnish Lapland. It has an elevation of 242 m. Aavasaksa is famous for its sights both towards Finland and Sweden, and it is included to the list of the National landscapes of Finland. Emperor Alexander II of Russia visited the site in 1876. Decorative hunting cabin Keisarinmaja  is one of the buildings on top of the hill; it is now used as a cafe.</p><br>
<p>Due to Aavasaksa&#39;s distinctive elevation above other nearby hills, it was first used by Pierre Louis Maupertuis in the French Geodesic Mission (1736–1737), and later became part of the Struve Geodetic Arc. As a result of this, UNESCO named Aavasaksa a World Heritage Site, along with the 33 other sites used in the Struve Geodetic Arc.</p><br>
<p>Aavasaksa is often considered the southernmost point in Finland where the midnight sun is literally visible. The hill is surrounded by rivers running next to it: Torne River to the west and the smaller Tengeliö river to the east and north.</p><br>
<p>Asteroid 2678 Aavasaksa is named after the hill.</p><br>
<p>The Wickham House, also known as the Wickham-Valentine House, is a historic house museum on East Clay Street in Richmond, Virginia. Completed in 1812, it is considered one of the finest examples of architecture from the Federal period. It is now owned and operated by The Valentine, a private history museum devoted to the city&#39;s history. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Wickham House is located in Richmond&#39;s Court End neighborhood, a few blocks north of the Virginia State Capitol on the south side of East Clay Street at its corner with North 12th Street. Immediately to its west is the main gallery space of The Valentine. The house is a two story brick structure, covered by a shallow hip roof surrounded by a low balustrade. The exterior walls have been finished in stucco scored to resemble ashlar stone. It is three bays wide, with a slightly projecting central bay. The main entrance is set in a segmented-arch opening with flanking sidelights and a semi-oval transom, and is sheltered by a portico supported by paired columns and topped by a balustrade. Windows are tri-part with narrow sections flanking wider ones; the ground-floor windows are set in recessed panels with blind segmented-arch headers. The interior features a magnificent elliptical staircase and neoclassical wallpaintings with ancient Greek, Roman and Egyptian themes.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1812 for John Wickham to a design by Massachusetts architect Alexander Parris, although it has also previously been attributed to Robert Mills and Benjamin Latrobe. Wickham was a successful attorney who defended Vice President Aaron Burr during his trial for treason. The Victorian-era decorations found in its parlor were commissioned by John Ballard, its second owner. In 1882 it was purchased by Mann Valentine II, who filled the house with artifacts and then bequeathed them and the house for the establishment of a museum.</p><br>
<p>The house is now managed by The Valentine, the current name of original Valentine Museum, and is open for tours.</p><br>
<p>The Robledo Mountains are a mountain range in Doña Ana County, New Mexico just northwest of Las Cruces. The range was named for Pedro Robledo, who died on May 21, 1598 and was buried nearby. Robledo was the first casualty of the Oñate expedition, sent to colonize the upper Rio Grande valley. A native of Toledo, Spain, Robledo was accompanied on the expedition by his wife and five children.</p><br>
<p>These Mountains are home to world famous Early Permian trackways of invertebrates and vertebrates. The main locality was recently designated the 100th active national monument in the United States, and named Prehistoric Trackways National Monument. Rock outcrops in the area preserve numerous examples of Early Permian trackways. These trackways include prints of Dimetrodon, Edaphosaurus, Eryops, Cacops and many other small pelycosaurs.</p><br>
<p>The East Potrillo Mountains are a mountain range in south central Doña Ana County, New Mexico. They are located approximately 25 miles  west of El Paso, Texas, 30 miles  southwest of Las Cruces, New Mexico, and 30 miles east of Columbus, New Mexico. The southern tip of the range is less than 5 miles  from the Mexican border. The mountains and most of the surrounding acreage are located on land owned by the Bureau of Land Management. Access to the general vicinity is through New Mexico State Road 9, and several unpaved county roads.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The East Potrillos can be generally described as an uplifted west-tilted fault-block. The mountains are located near the western margin of the Rio Grande Rift, a major structure that stretches from the vicinity of Leadville, Colorado, through central New Mexico, and into the Mexican state of Chihuahua. In southern New Mexico, several large basins are associated with the rift, including the Mimbres basin to the west of the Potrillos, and the Mesilla basin to the east. A large intra-rift horst lies between those two basins, and the range is situated on the horst. The uplifting of the Potrillos, together with the subsidence of nearby grabens, occurred in the late Tertiary. The eastern boundary of the horst is the active Robledo fault, which has created a scarp on the eastern side of the range.</p><br>
<p>The basal rocks in the range are sedimentary, and consist of limestone, dolomites, and silty beds of Middle Permian age. The thickness of these beds is approximately 950 feet (300 m). Disconformably above these beds are layers of Lower Cretaceous limestone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate. These rocks are about 1,800 feet (570 m) in thickness on the northern part of the range, but thin to the south. These Cretaceous rocks are correlative with the Hell-to-Finish Formation (Aptian age) and the U-Bar Formation (late Aptian to middle Albian) found in other parts of southwestern New Mexico. Quaternary deposits include alluvial fans and wind-blown sands.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The East Potrillo Mountains lie within the Chihuahuan Desert. The climate is arid and continental. Weather records in nearby El Paso, Texas show that the average daily maximum temperature over the course of the year is 77.3 degrees Fahrenheit, with an average daily minimum of 50.1 degrees Fahrenheit. Average monthly maximum temperatures range from 96 degrees in June, to 58 degrees in January. Average monthly minimum temperatures range from 30 degrees in January to 70 degrees in July. Average annual precipitation in El Paso is 8.81 inches, with monthly averages ranging from.2 inches in April to 1.7 in September. Over half of the annual precipitation falls in the form of summer rains between June and September, although some snow can be expected in the winter.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The East Potrillo Mountains impose extreme demands on ecological communities. Water management is a critical factor for residents. No perennial streams originate in the range, and none flow nearby. There is very little permanent water in the area, other than stock tanks and surface impoundments. Precipitation quickly evaporates, runs off, or soaks into the ground, leaving little for plants or animals. Slopes that face south or west tend to have both a higher solar exposure and a higher rate of water evaporation than those facing north and east. This can result in great species variation between communities that happen to be located on slopes with different aspects.</p><br>
<p>Soils on the mountains are generally rocky and thin. On the flats below, soils are somewhat deeper, and frequently consist of windblown dunes.</p><br>
<p>Plant communities can be generally characterized as Chihuahuan desert scrublands, creosotebush desert, and desert grasslands. Dominant shrub species include creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), soaptree yucca (Yucca elata), and four winged saltbush (Atriplex canescens). Common grasses include black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), and alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides).</p><br>
<p>Common animals/ mammals include mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), coyotes (Canis latrans), Black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), desert cottontail, (Sylvilagus auduboni) and kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami and Dipodomys spectabilis). Common birds include golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), Swainson&#39;s hawk (Buteo swainsoni), Northern harrier (Circus cyaneus), burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia), roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), quail (Callipepla gambelii and Callipepla squamata), doves (Zenaida macroura and Zenaida asiatica). Common reptiles include Collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris), Roundtail Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma modestum), Striped whipsnake (Masticophis taeniatus), and Western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). Common amphibians include New Mexico Spadefoot Toad (Spea multiplicata), Great Plains Toad (Bufo cognatus), Green Toad (Bufo debilis), and Red-spotted Toad (Bufo punctatus)</p><br>
<h2>Items of Interest</h2><br>
<p>Although they are relatively close to two large cities, the East Potrillo Mountains receive few visitors. This is due to the rugged topography, and the lack of water or shade. The range is long and narrow, with an orientation trending NNW to SSE. The maximum elevation of the range is approximately 5,300 feet, which provides a relief of nearly 1000 feet (300 m) above the flats to the east. Mount Riley and Cox Peak draw hikers because of their excellent views of the East Potrillo Mountains, and the nearby West Potrillo Mountains. Although these peaks are located very close to the main spine of the East Potrillo Mountains, they are igneous, and more closely related geologically to the West Potrillo Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Of particular interest to visitors are a series of nearby maar, or phreatomagmatic craters, which are located approximately 5–10 miles to the north and east of the main spine of the range. The craters include Kilbourne Hole, Hunt&#39;s Hole, and Phillips Hole. These formations are estimated to have an age of between 24,000 and 50,000 mya. They are associated with the Potrillo volcanic field. That field includes the West Potrillo Mountains and the Aden lava flows to the north and west.</p><br>
<p>The name Potrillo means "colt" in Spanish. The Bureau of Land management considered, but rejected Wilderness Study Area status for a 26,300 acre unit that includes the range. A larger area (159, 972 acres) that includes the nearby West Potrillo Mountains has been designated as a Wilderness Study Area. Full wilderness status for this area was proposed, but defeated in the lame duck Congressional session of 2010. This was largely due to a desire for a "buffer" zone along the border and a perception that wilderness status would inhibit the detection of illegal immigrants.</p><br>
<p>The West Potrillo Mountains are a mountain range in south central Doña Ana County, New Mexico, United States. They are located approximately 40 miles  northwest of El Paso, Texas, 25 miles  southwest of Las Cruces, New Mexico, and 35 miles  southeast of Deming, New Mexico Most of the mountains are located on land managed by the Bureau of Land Management as part of the Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument. Access to the vicinity is through Doña Ana County Road B-4 South from NM 549, which may be accessed from Interstate 10 Exit 116.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The West Potrillo mountains occupy the western part of the Potrillo volcanic field, an area of olivine basalts covering approximately 400 square miles. In addition to the West Potrillo Mountains, the Potrillo Volcanic Field includes Aden Crater and the Santo Tomas / Black Mountain basalts near La Mesa, New Mexico. The field includes hundreds of volcanic features, including maars, spatter cones, a shield volcano, and cinder cones. The most common peaks in the West Potrillos are cinder cones with a height of between 200 and 500 feet. They are relatively undissected by erosion, and have estimated ages of 0.5 to 3 mya. Some features (like Aden Crater) believed to be as young as twenty thousand years old.</p><br>
<p>The rocks in the area are extremely diverse, with exposed (non-volcanic) layers ranging in age from Paleozoic to Holocene. Marine deposits (carbonates) were deposited during repeated advances of late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic seas. Folding and faulting of Lower Cretaceous layers occurred during the Laramide disturbance in the nearby East Potrillo Mountains. The area has been above sea level since the Cretaceous period. In the early to middle Tertiary, the Riley Cox andesitic pluton was emplaced. This activity also seems to be associated with the intrusion of andesitic and quartz latite dikes in the East Potrillo range. During the middle Tertiary, high angle faulting and uplifting occurred in the East Potrillo range and began to form intermontane basins. In the middle to late Quaternary, alkali olivine basalt was extruded from fissures in the Fitzgerald, Robledo, and Aden faults. During the late Pleistocene to Holocene, movement occurred along the Fitzgerald and Robledo faults. Holocene deposits are mostly fine blown sand.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The West Potrillo Mountains lie within the Chihuahuan Desert. The climate is arid and continental. Weather records in nearby El Paso, Texas show that the average daily maximum temperature over the course of the year is 77.3 degrees Fahrenheit, with an average daily minimum of 50.1 degrees Fahrenheit. Average monthly maximum temperatures range from 96 degrees in June, to 58 degrees in January. Average monthly minimum temperatures range from 30 degrees in January to 70 degrees in July. Average annual precipitation in El Paso is 8.81 inches, with monthly averages ranging from.2 inches in April to 1.7 in September. Over half of the annual precipitation falls in the form of summer rains between June and September, although some snow can be expected in the winter.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The plant communities found in the West Potrillos can be generally characterized as Chihuahuan desert scrublands, creosotebush desert, and desert grasslands. The dominant shrub species include creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), soaptree yucca (Yucca elata), and fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens). Common grasses include black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), bush muhly (Muhlenbergia porteri), and alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides).</p><br>
<p>Common mammals include mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), coyotes (Canis latrans), black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), desert cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni), white-throated woodrat (Neotoma albigula), kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami and Dipodomys spectabilis), and cactus mouse (Peromyscus eremicus).</p><br>
<p>Common birds include golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), Swainson&#39;s hawk (Buteo swainsoni), northern harrier (Circus cyaneus), burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia), greater roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), quail (Callipepla gambelii and Callipepla squamata), horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), doves (Zenaida macroura and Zenaida asiatica), and black-throated sparrow (Amphispiza bilineata).</p><br>
<p>Common reptiles include collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris), roundtail horned lizard (Phrynosoma modestum), striped whipsnake (Masticophis taeniatus), and western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox).</p><br>
<p>Common amphibians include New Mexico spadefoot toad (Spea multiplicata), Great Plains toad (Bufo cognatus), green toad (Bufo debilis), and red-spotted toad (Bufo punctatus).</p><br>
<h2>Human use</h2><br>
<p>Archeological studies indicate that there have been at least three distinct periods of prehistoric human usage of the West Potrillos. The Paleo-Indian period began in about 9,500 BCE and ended in about 6,000 BCE. This period is itself divided into three traditions: Clovis, Folsom, and Plano. These people were thought to have been mobile big game hunters. Beginning in about 6000 BCE, members of the Desert Archaic cultures moved into the area and remained until about 100 ACE. These people were hunters and gatherers, who appear to have begun plant cultivation. From about 200 ACE to about 1450 ACE, the Mogollon culture became predominant. During this period, agriculture became predominant and pottery was introduced. People aggregated into villages and built above-ground residences. There was evidence of trade with other areas. In about 1540, it appears that the ancestors of the Apaches moved into the area and displaced the earlier residents. Apache resistance discouraged use of the area by Spanish Colonial or Mexican settlers. Occupation of the area by the Chiricahua Apache continued until about 1890.</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest</h2><br>
<p>The West Potrillo Mountains Wilderness Study Area, at 159,972 acres, is the largest in New Mexico. High points in the range include Cox Peak (5,957), Mt. Riley (5,909), Potrillo Peak, and Guzman Lookout Mountain. The area is used for ranching, bird hunting, camping, hiking, and foot launched aviation (paragliding and hang gliding). Many campers and hikers, however, look elsewhere because of the absence of trails and dependable water.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, a fossilized ground sloth (Nothrotheriops shastensis) was found in a fumarole in Aden Crater. Its age was estimated to be 11,000 years. It was later acquired by the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University.</p><br>
<p>The Trzebnickie Hills  is a mountain range in southwestern Poland. It is named after the town of Trzebnica on the northern slope.</p><br>
<p>The range is located in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. It lies north of the regional capital Wrocław, between the Oder and Widawa Rivers to the southwest and the Barycz River to the north. The terminal moraine was formed during the Wolstonian Stage of the Pleistocene (300,000 - 130,000 years BC), consisting of boulder, gravel and clay with loess sediments on the surface. The landscape is made up of fields, woods and orchards; in the Middle Ages it was also the site of several vineyards.</p><br>
<p>Towns located near the hills include:</p><br>
<p>Oborniki Śląskie</p><br>
<p>Oleśnica</p><br>
<p>Prusice</p><br>
<p>Syców</p><br>
<p>Trzebnica</p><br>
<p>Twardogóra</p><br>
<p>Wołów</p><br>
<p>Wrocław</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Tres Vírgenes is a complex of volcanoes located Mulegé Municipality in the state of Baja California Sur, on the Baja California Peninsula in northwestern Mexico. It is composed of three volcanoes, aligned northeast-southwest, with El Viejo, the oldest, to the northeast, El Azufre in the middle, and the youngest, El Virgen, to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>El Virgen, being by far the most conspicuous of the three, is commonly known as "Las Tres Vírgenes".</p><br>
<h2>Eruption history</h2><br>
<p>The last eruption of the volcanoes in the complex was of El Virgen, but the date is disputed. A map drawn by the Croatian Jesuit missionary Ferdinand Konščak contains a reference to an eruption in 1746. Radiometric datings, however, do not agree with this. A charcoal fragment found in a volcanic deposit was dated at approximately 6515 years before present. A basaltic lava flow, which must be younger than the actual eruption, was dated at approximately 24 thousand years B.P. which agrees with a dating of tephra fragments from El Virgen that yielded an age of approximately 36 thousand years B.P. for the eruption.</p><br>
<p>The Mansfield Cut Underwater Archeological District is an 18.31 acre area located near the city of Port Mansfield, Texas, United States, in the waters off Kenedy County and Willacy County, Texas. Located offshore in the Gulf of Mexico near the Port Mansfield Cut, the site is the location of the Mansfield Cut Wrecks and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Mansfield Cut Wrecks</h2><br>
<p>The Mansfield Cut Underwater Archeological District contains three Spanish shipwrecks caused by a 1554 storm off the southern coast of Texas near the Mansfield Cut. While the exact location of the site is unpublished, the three shipwrecks were found near the Padre Island National Seashore. The Mansfield Cut Wrecks are listed in the National Register as part of an archeological district of national significance.</p><br>
<h3>Story</h3><br>
<p>On April 9, 1554, four Spanish naos departed from San Juan de Ulúa bound for Havana, Cuba, the first leg of a return trip to Spain. The ships were loaded with precious metals and similar cargo. A storm off the coast of Cuba blew them across the Gulf of Mexico to the coast of Texas. On April 29, three of the ships ran aground with approximately 300 people aboard. The fourth ship, the San Andrés, reached Havana but was too damaged to repair. Few of the survivors made it back to Mexico but there are records of a salvage operation during the summer of 1554 which retrieved about half of the cargo.</p><br>
<h2>Remains</h2><br>
<h3>Santa Maria de Yciar</h3><br>
<p>The scattered remains of the wooden vessel named Santa Maria de Yciar are buried off Padre Island, Texas near Mansfield. This vessel, which wrecked in 1554 when part of a treasure flota, lies within the Padre Island National Seashore. The original anchor is located on the campus of Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi. A life-size replica may be found in the visitor&#39;s center of the Padre Island National Seashore. The Santa Maria de Yciar is owned by the State of Texas, Texas Antiquities Committee, and managed by the USA Government, National Park Service.</p><br>
<h3>Espíritu Santo</h3><br>
<p>The scattered remains of the wooden vessel named Espíritu Santo (Spanish for "Holy Ghost") are buried off Padre Island near Port Mansfield. This vessel, which wrecked in 1554 when part of a treasure flota, lies within the Padre Island National Seashore. The Espíritu Santo was discovered by Vida Lee Connor while scuba diving in 1966. A salvage operation by a private company in 1967 was the subject of a court case and was responsible for the Antiquities Code of Texas, passed by the state legislature in 1969.</p><br>
<h3>San Esteban</h3><br>
<p>The scattered remains of the wooden vessel named San Esteban are buried off Padre Island, near Port Mansfield. This vessel, which wrecked in 1554 when part of a treasure flota, lies within the Padre Island National Seashore. The San Esteban was discovered in the early 1970s during a magnetometer survey of the area arranged by the Underwater Archeological Research Section of the state Antiquities Committee.</p><br>
<p>Larz Anderson Park is a wooded, landscaped, and waterscaped 64 acre parkland in Brookline, Massachusetts that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The southwest corner of the park is in Boston. The park contains playing fields, picnic areas, gardens, waterways, an ice skating rink, and two sites of special interest:</p><br>
<p>Larz Anderson Auto Museum, the oldest automobile collection in the United States</p><br>
<p>Putterham School, a one-room schoolhouse from colonial times</p><br>
<p>As Larz Anderson Park is about a half-mile away from Jamaica Pond it might also be considered a de facto extension of Boston&#39;s Emerald Necklace into the town of Brookline.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Set amidst a landscape of ponds and trees are athletic fields, historic buildings and a skating rink. The Boston skyline can be seen from atop the main ridge and the open, rolling hills make the park one of the best kite-flying spots in the area. Brookline requires permits for the use of any of the park&#39;s 12 picnic tables, which offer access to barbecue grills, for a controversial fee of $40 per four-hour block and $80 per eight-hour block ($80 and $160, respectively, for non-residents). Stakeholders have criticized the exorbitant fees for the use of a public park as unnecessarily exclusionary to both residents and non-residents, particularly to disadvantaged youth.</p><br>
<p>The cavernous Carriage House houses the Larz Anderson Auto Museum. A self-guided walking tour brings visitors past museum, the Putterham School, the water garden, Chinese garden, Japanese garden, Italian garden and bowling green.</p><br>
<p>The Jack Kirrane Ice Skating Rink, located on the site of the Andersons&#39; Italian Garden, is named for Jack Kirrane, a Brookline native and member of the 1960 gold-medal winning United States Olympic Ice Hockey team.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cleared and developed as a farm in the 17th century by the Welds, in 1899 the estate was purchased from a fellow Weld Family member by socialite heiress Isabel Weld Perkins and her Paris-born diplomat husband Larz Anderson.</p><br>
<p>Crowning this Brookline property was a twenty-five room mansion overlooking the Boston skyline which the Andersons named "Weld" to honor Isabels grandfather. They remodeled it to resemble Lulworth Castle, an ancestral home associated with the Welds. This became the Andersons home for summers and Christmas holidays.</p><br>
<p>Their gardens, designed by Charles A. Platt, were featured in a 1904 issue of Town & Country. The accompanying photographs show lavishly ornate terraces laid out in Europe style. After Larz served as Ambassador to Japan, the Andersons improved the beautiful property still further and added the Chinese and Japanese gardens, a water garden with koi, sculpture, a polo field, topiary and an outdoor theater.</p><br>
<p>The climbing rose trellis from the gardens is now located in the Minot Rose Garden in Winthrop Square, Brookline.</p><br>
<p>When Isabel Anderson died in 1948, she bequeathed this entire estate to the Town of Brookline, including mansion, land, and a collection of vehicles. Although the mansion became damaged beyond affordable repair and was torn down in 1955, the immense Carriage House and the elegant "Temple of Love" on the shore of the water garden still reflect the charm and magnificence of Weld when the Andersons were alive.</p><br>
<p>Today the park is used for the home cross country course for Brookline High School.</p><br>
<p>The park is now the home of the first ever Brookline High School Ultimate Frisbee team, which is currently captained by Josh Grossman.</p><br>
<p>In March 2009, the Larz Anderson Park won the Nicholas Rhodes Park of the Month Award.</p><br>
<h2>Auto Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Andersons assembled an extraordinary collection of horse-drawn carriage, sleighs and vintage motorcars. In donating these along with the property, Isabel stipulated that these be known as the "Larz Anderson Collection." Fourteen of the original thirty-two vehicles remain in the collection and are still on display as part of the Larz Anderson Auto Museum</p><br>
<p>Since the grand opening over fifty years ago, the museum has grown into a major New England non-profit educational institution with community events, lectures, children’s programs, walking tours of the park, and an ever-changing series of exhibits on the Andersons, motor vehicles, and the automobile&#39;s impact on society and culture.</p><br>
<h2>Putterham School</h2><br>
<p>Built 1768 elsewhere in Brookline and moved to Larz Anderson Park in 1966, the Putterham School is now an educational museum displaying books, teaching aids, schoolroom equipment, exhibits related to the move and other articles of historical interest.</p><br>
<p>From June until October, the school is open from noon until 3 pm on the second and fourth Sundays of each month. Members of the Brookline Historical Society will also open the museum by appointment for school groups and other visitors.</p><br>
<p>Lake Poso  is a lake in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, and the third-deepest lake in Indonesia.</p><br>
<p>The town of Pendolo is situated at the southern end of the lake, the town of Tentena is located at the northern end, while a number of smaller villages dot the shoreline. The lake drains into the Poso River at Tentena, which flows into the Molucca Sea at the town of Poso.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The lake contains various fish, including the eel Anguilla marmorata which migrates between the lake and the sea, and 11 fish species that are endemic to the lake, notably buntingi ricefish (Adrianichthys, Oryzias nebulosus, O. nigrimas and O. orthognathus), gobies (Mugilogobius amadi and M. sarasinorum), and the halfbeak Nomorhamphus celebensis. These endemics are all highly threatened; in some cases possibly already extinct. One of the reasons for the drastic decline of the native fish are introduced, non-native species, particularly Mozambique tilapia and common carp.</p><br>
<p>There is also a large number of endemic Tylomelania freshwater snails in the lake, as well as several endemic Caridina shrimps and Parathelphusid crabs (genera Migmathelphusa, Parathelphusa and Sundathelphusa).</p><br>
<p>A park containing wild orchids is located near the village Bancea on the lake. As well the forests surrounding the lake still provide rare sightings of the anoa (dwarf buffalo) and the babirusa (literally, pigdeer), a ruminant pig. These two endangered species are among a number of wildlife species found only on the island of Sulawesi.</p><br>
<p>Lake Matano , also known as Matana, is a natural lake in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. With a depth of 590 m, it is the deepest lake in Indonesia , and the 10th deepest lake in the world. The surface elevation from mean sea level is only 382 m, which means that the deepest portion of the lake is below sea level . It is one of the two major lakes  in the Malili Lake system.</p><br>
<h2>Endemic animals and plants</h2><br>
<p>Lake Matano is home to many species of endemic fish and other animals (e.g. Caridina shrimps, Parathelphusid crabs and Tylomelania snails) as well as many plants. The endemic fishes of Matano have been compared to the species swarms of the Rift Valley Lakes of Africa. While not as diverse, they are thought to have all arisen from a single ancestor species and diversified into numerous different species, which now fill many of the previously vacant ecological niches, as can be seen in the family Telmatherinidae. Endemic and near-endemic fishes from other families include Glossogobius matanensis, Mugilogobius adeia, Nomorhamphus weberi and Oryzias matanensis. Many of the endemics are seriously threatened due to pollution and predation/competition from a wide range of introduced fishes, including flowerhorn cichlids.</p><br>
<p>The water snake Enhydris matannensis is only known from the vicinity of Lake Matano and on Muna Island.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental concerns</h2><br>
<p>Despite Lake Matano&#39;s remote location, it is the site of PT Vale Inco Indonesia Tbk (formerly PT. INCO), one of the largest nickel mines in the world, which carries out strip mining in the surrounding rainforest. Although large areas are cleared for mining the company has a well regarded rehabilitation program and award-winning sediment control systems. The vast areas of rainforest are replaced by mono-cultures of largely non-native trees to counter erosion but doing little to address the loss of biodiversity and the environmental services this provides. The waters of Lake Matano are exceptionally clear, visibility is good, and many of the fish species are highly dependent on visual cues and colour perception for their mating behaviour. If the sediment washing into the lake continues to increase, the likelihood is that many of these endemic species will be lost.</p><br>
<h2>Chemistry</h2><br>
<p>Below the top layer of oxygenated water, Lake Matano&#39;s depths are anoxic, free of sulfates, and rich in iron.</p><br>
<p>These conditions make Lake Matano an analog for Earth&#39;s oceans during the Archean Eon,</p><br>
<p>which is useful for studying relationships between anoxygenic phototrophs and banded iron formations.</p><br>
<p>The lake contains a population of green sulfur bacteria that conducts photosynthesis with bacteriochlorophyll e.</p><br>
<h2>Lake Matano Festival</h2><br>
<p>To lure foreign tourists of the beauty of Lake Matano and surrounding as a new icon of South Sulawesi, the first annually Lake Matano Festival was held in May 2015 with some attractions such as competition of running, cycling and swimming.</p><br>
<p>Putnam Cottage was also known as Knapp Tavern during the American Revolution. It is located at 243 East Putnam Avenue , on the former route of the Boston Post Road, in Greenwich, Connecticut.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Putnams cottage was built by the Knapp family. The house was expanded by 1750 to become a tavern, serving travelers, and also eventually troops during the American Revolutionary War. In 1776, General George Washington stopped and fed his troops there as evidenced by his expense report on file with the Smithsonian Institution. The name of Revolutionary War General Israel Putnam became associated with the house as it was the scene of his daring and historic ride down a steep slope, now known as Puts Hill, with the redcoats in hot pursuit. This historic scene is depicted on the seal of the Town of Greenwich, and the name of Putnam is found throughout the State of Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the house was purchased by the Israel Putnam House Association, Inc. Since 1910, the property has been the Historic Preservation Project of the Putnam Hill Chapter of Daughters of the American Revolution. The house had been modernized in the 19th century with features such as plaster ceilings, Victorian trim and a front porch. The DAR raised funds to restore its 17th-century appearance to coincide with the United States Bicentennial in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Putnam Cottage is currently maintained as a Revolutionary-era tavern museum open to the public, as well as a location for historical reenactments.</p><br>
<h2>Pictures</h2><br>
<p>Watergate Bay  is a bay located two miles north of Newquay on the B3276 Newquay to Padstow road near the village of Tregurrian in Cornwall, United Kingdom. It faces the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The two mile long, sandy beach and exposed north westerly location is a popular location for water sports, kite flying, and sand art. In May, 2007, it played host to the English Nationals Surfing Championships. The last owners of the beach were John and Valerie Trotter.</p><br>
<p>The Watergate Bay Hotel and Fifteen Cornwall, a restaurant set up by celebrity chef Jamie Oliver, are located just above the beach and there are a number of caravan and camping sites within easy reach.</p><br>
<h2>Film, TV and radio</h2><br>
<p>Watergate Bay has been used as a location for the following productions:</p><br>
<p>*The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999)</p><br>
<p>* Plunge (2003), a surf movie featuring Kate Winslet.</p><br>
<p>*Echo Beach (2008), a 12-part TV series that was filmed during the summer of 2007 featuring Jason Donovan and Martine McCutcheon.</p><br>
<p>*Moving Wallpaper (2008), a behind-the-scenes comedy following the making of Echo Beach.</p><br>
<p>*BBC Radio 4&#39;s Open Country produced a 30-minute BBC Radio Documentary about the bay.</p><br>
<p>The Balaitús  or Pic du Balaïtous   is a granitic massif of the Pyrenees, located right on the border between Spain and France.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Balaitús marks the starting point of the High Pyrenees. Its height is 3,144 m AMSL, and it is the nearest mountain to the Atlantic coast to surpass 3,000 m. Its name may come from the Occitan words "vath" (valley) and "leitosa" (milky). Another Spanish name for the mountain is Pico de los Moros (Moors&#39; peak).</p><br>
<p>It separates the Spanish Tena Valley (Sallent de Gállego) from the French Val d&#39;Azun.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent was of the peak was made in 1825 by French geodesic technicians Peytier and Hossard. The second ascent was made in 1864 by Charles Packe.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>There are several ascent routes to the summit, none of them are easy, mainly because of the vertical drop of 1,500 m from all directions.</p><br>
<p>From France the most frequent route goes through Las Neous glacier starting from any of the refuges nearby: Larribet (2,060 m), Balaïtous (G. Ledormeur) (1,970 m) or Arrémoulit (2,305 m).</p><br>
<p>From Spain the route starts at La Sarra car park, near Sallent de Gállego, climbing via the Arriel lakes or the Respumoso lake.</p><br>
<p>The Tivoli Theatre is a landmark building in the Columbia Heights neighborhood of Washington, D.C. on 14th Street and Park Road Northwest. Originally built as a movie theater, it currently  exhibits live stage productions as the home of the GALA Hispanic Theatre.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Tivoli Theatre was designed by prominent New York architect Thomas W. Lamb. It reflects Italian Renaissance revival and Mediterranean Revival architectural styles with its stucco exterior, red tile roof, ornate cornices, and numerous graceful arches. Completed in 1924 at a cost of $1 million, the theater was, until its closing in 1976, one of the most elegant movie houses in Washington, D.C. In addition to the main theater auditorium, the building contained offices on the upper floors and several two-story shops along the 14th Street and Park Road frontages. In the quarter century it has lain vacant, the building has suffered from neglect, extensive vandalism, and severe water damage due to a leaking roof.</p><br>
<p>The history of the Tivoli is closely associated with that of the Knickerbocker Theater, designed by Reginald Geare, and built during the First World War. The owner of the Knickerbocker, theater magnate Harry M. Crandall, operated a chain of movie theaters in Washington. Geare was his primary Washington architect and, in addition to the Knickerbocker, had designed the Metropolitan in 1917 and the Lincoln in 1921. The Knickerbocker was located on the southwest corner of 18th Street and Columbia Road in Adams-Morgan, the present location of a SunTrust Bank.</p><br>
<p>In a brief 24-hour period spanning January 27–28, 1922, a massive storm dropped 26 inches of snow on the city, causing the fragile roof of the Knickerbocker to collapse.</p><br>
<p>Few of the patrons who had filled the theater that evening for a screening of the comedy hit "Get Rich Quick Wallingford" escaped unharmed. In the heaped rubble of the auditorium, 98 people were found dead and 136 injured. Following the collapse of the Knickerbocker, Crandall released Geare as his primary architect, even though Geare had already begun work on a new theater in the fashionable neighborhood of Columbia Heights.</p><br>
<p>In his place, Crandall appointed the reputable young Thomas Lamb from New York as architect for all of his subsequent designs, including the Ambassador, built from the remains of the Knickerbocker, and the Tivoli. Lamb began designing the Tivoli less than six months after the Knickerbocker collapse. Incorporating a new understanding of structural integrity which followed in the wake of the disaster, Lamb designed the Tivoli as three separate bodies-stage, auditorium, and perimeter.</p><br>
<p>The earliest architectural drawings of the Tivoli are labeled Scheme A and date to June 15, 1922 at which point the theater did not have a name but was simply referred to as "Theater Building." Lamb’s original proposal features ornate, decorative detail throughout the exterior. There is far more stucco detail surrounding the numerous windows on the second floor of this original conceptual design.</p><br>
<p>The canopy and marquee from these Scheme A drawings also differ from what was eventually built. The artistic streetscape rendering at the beginning of this series of pages reflects this grand original concept. (These original architectural drawings were found in the archives of the Avery Library of Columbia University, New York City.)</p><br>
<p>Ornate Scheme A drawings were still being produced as late as December 11, 1922. However, by April 12, 1923, the date of the final architectural drawings, the theater building had been given the name Tivoli and the drawings had become simpler and streamlined, nevertheless still fully reflective of the Italian Renaissance style. The change in design was most likely due to constraints imposed by owner Harry M. Crandall, whose initial building cost estimate was $650,000.</p><br>
<p>On Monday December 4, 1923 construction commenced on the Tivoli, which became the ninth in the chain of Washington theaters owned by Crandall. Although the final building was less ornate than the original conceptual drawings, it still cost over $1 million when it was completed in 1924.</p><br>
<p>The cross-section of the exterior reveals the wooden brackets and tin soffits under the eaves of the tile roof, masterful detail easily overlooked given the current condition of the building. One of the grand old palaces of Washington, D.C., the Tivoli was almost saved by a group of local supporters during the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>History since 1976</h2><br>
<p>In 1976, the Tivoli was closed due to increased deterioration of the theater and the local area. After over 25 years closure, the Tivoli has benefited from a revitalization of the Columbia Heights neighborhood. In 2005, the Tivoli was reopened after an almost six year renovation. The Tivoli is now the home of GALA (Grupo de Artistas LatinoAmericanos) Hispanic Theatre, a local non-profit committed to sharing Hispanic culture through the arts. GALA currently uses the former balcony and there is mixed retail and restaurant use in the rest of the building.</p><br>
<p>Fremont Peak is a summit in the Gabilan Range, one of the mountain ranges paralleling California&#39;s central coast. The peak affords clear views of the Salinas Valley, Monterey Bay, the southern part of the Santa Clara Valley, and surrounding mountain ranges. It is located on Rocky Ridge, 11 mi northeast of Salinas, California.</p><br>
<p>The peak is the site of Fremont Peak State Park which was established with 188 acres in 1936. Today the park has camping and picnic facilities,</p><br>
<p>and is favored by astronomers for its clear views unsullied by artificial light. The Fremont Peak Observatory Association maintains a 30 in diameter f/4.8 Newtonian "Challenger" telescope which was built by telescope maker Kevin Medlock in the early 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The peak is also the site of the transmitters for television stations such as KSBW</p><br>
<p>and KCBA</p><br>
<p>and for radio stations such as KDON-FM.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Previously called Gavilan Peak, it is now named for John C. Frémont, an American explorer and a Captain in the USA Army Corps of Topographical Engineers at the time. In 1846, he and a crew of 60 armed surveyors mounted the peak to assess its military value. The peak commands the inland approach from Monterey. As a response to the threat, local Mexican authority General José Castro ordered Frémont and his men to leave California. In defiance, Frémont built a crude stockade and raised a modified American flag above the peak (or, according to some sources, on a lower peak nearby). The USA Consul in Monterey, Thomas O. Larkin supported Castro&#39;s decision to evict Frémont, and his men were duly ordered out of the area. Frémont took providence from a windy night which blew down the makeshift flagpole to hasten himself and his men from the peak. The peak is now registered as California Historical Landmark #181.</p><br>
<p>Following a ride to the summit on March 4, 1906, Frémont Peak Day was inaugurated by local residents. Nineteen years later, the Native Sons of the Golden West installed a commemorative plaque on the summit.</p><br>
